delays the response of ocean temperatures to atmospheric changes

The Equilibrium Line Altitude of a glacier is the area where:

the glacier is neither gaining or losing mass

How do snow crystals initially form in the atmosphere?

they form around tiny mineral or organic particles called freezing nuclei

Bottom water formation

influences global ocean temperatures

high area where a glacier gains mass from snowfall

a large circular ocean current that flows around ocean basins

semi solid layer within the mantle allowing for tectonic movement of plates

Thermohaline Circulation

deep water circulation driven by temperature and salinity differences

climate pattern that causes warmings of sea surface temps in the Pacific

What is the primary reason P waves can travel through both solids and liquids?

they compress and expand materials without requiring rigidity

Considering the whole Earth, which elements are most abundant?

oxygen, silica, iron, magnesium

Permafrost occupies an area of approx. 22.8 mill km2, how does this compare to modern ice sheets?

1.5x the area of modern ice sheets

Formation of sea spray

removes salts when droplets become airborne and land

Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA)

the region of a glacier that is neither gaining or losing mass

What physical property of fresh snow contributes to its low thermal conductivity?

large amounts of air spaces between the crystals

What distinguishes the lithosphere from the asthenosphere?

physical properties such as rigidity

What role does sea ice play in regulating ocean currents?

affects salinity+temp, forms bottom water driving thermohaline circulation

Chemical reactions with volcanic rocks

causes changes in salinity due to reactions with seawater

magma solidifies beneath earths surface

process that transform solid rock to smaller particles & dissolved material

Which of the following is a major process contributing to the salinity of ocean water?

the weathering of rocks on land

regulates atmospheric temperatures over time

Low velocity zone (LVZ)

region of upper mantle with a small amount of molten rock and is ductile

What role did magnetic polarity play in the development of the theory of sea floor spreading?

explain how new oceanic crust forms and moves away from mid ocean ridges

What role does pressure play in the transformation of snow to ice on glaciers and ice sheets?

increased pressure from overlying snow enhances compaction & snow density

What is the relationship between earthquake magnitude and the number of earthquakes that occur in any given year?

as earthquake magnitude increases the # of events decreases exponentially

permanently frozen ground that remains at or below 0°C for 2 or more years

Where does downwelling occur?

where convergence occurs at the surface

What role do rivers play in affecting ocean salinity?

they transport minerals and salts from land to the ocean

a layer in the ocean where there is a rapid change in density

What is used to determine accurate paleolatitudes of continents?

paleo-inclination recorded by rocks when they are formed

studbud

EAR 203 Exam 2 Review

146 termsStudBud Administration15 plays

Imported from external platform

Flashcards146 cardsFPractice quizPHost liveL

Questions 146

Answers

1
Thermal inertia
regulates atmospheric temperatures over time
transfers warm water to polar regions
influences global ocean temperatures
delays the response of ocean temperatures to atmospheric changes
2
The Equilibrium Line Altitude of a glacier is the area where:
the glacier loses mass
the glacier loses mass only by iceberg calving
the glacier gains mass
the glacier is neither gaining or losing mass
3
Where does the Atlantic bottom water form?
Ross Sea
Baffin Bay
Weddell Sea
Norwegian Sea
4
How do snow crystals initially form in the atmosphere?
they form around tiny mineral or organic particles called freezing nuclei
by condensation of water vapor directly into ice
by melting and refreezing on the ground
by falling from the sky as water droplets
5
Bottom water formation
influences global ocean temperatures
regulates atmospheric temperatures over time
transfers warm water to polar regions
delays the response of ocean temperatures to atmospheric changes
6
The lithosphere comprises
the uppermost mantle and crust
only the uppermost mantle
the asthenosphere and crust
only the crust
7
What is the primary factor that causes the surface ocean currents?
temperature differences
salinity changes
ocean depth
wind patterns
8
Accumulation area
high area where a glacier gains mass from snowfall
the region of a glacier that is neither gaining or losing mass
crack in glacier formed by extensional stress & brittle failure of the ice
snow that is more than one year old
9
Gyre
a large circular ocean current that flows around ocean basins
the process where deep cold water rises to the surface
deep water circulation driven by temperature and salinity differences
climate pattern that causes warmings of sea surface temps in the Pacific
10
Asthenosphere
region of upper mantle with a small amount of molten rock and is ductile
heat transported from earth's interior → surface, escapes into atmosphere
semi solid layer within the mantle allowing for tectonic movement of plates
Boundary between the crust and mantle
11
How fast are tectonic plates moving?
1-15 km/year
1-15 cm/year
1-15 m/year
1-15 mm/year
12
Thermohaline Circulation
climate pattern that causes warmings of sea surface temps in the Pacific
a large circular ocean current that flows around ocean basins
the process where deep cold water rises to the surface
deep water circulation driven by temperature and salinity differences
13
El Nino
the process where deep cold water rises to the surface
a large circular ocean current that flows around ocean basins
deep water circulation driven by temperature and salinity differences
climate pattern that causes warmings of sea surface temps in the Pacific
14
What is the primary reason P waves can travel through both solids and liquids?
they use a different propagation method
they compress and expand materials without requiring rigidity
they have higher energy
they are not affected by density
15
Considering the whole Earth, which elements are most abundant?
aluminum, silica, potassium, oxygen
oxygen, silica, iron, magnesium
iron and nickel
iron, sodium, oxygen, silica
16
Where does the Antarctic bottom water form?
Baffin Bay
Weddell Sea
Norwegian Sea
Ross Sea
17
Permafrost occupies an area of approx. 22.8 mill km², how does this compare to modern ice sheets?
the same area as modern ice sheets
1.5x the area of modern ice sheets
50% of the area of modern ice sheets
2x the area of modern ice sheets
18
How does albedo change with depth in a glaciers accumulation area?
albedo increases
albedo decreases
albedo is constant
19
What responds faster to climate change?
ice sheets
both respond the same
glaciers
20
Formation of sea spray
the removal of elements from sea water to form shells
causes changes in salinity due to reactions with seawater
evaporation of seawater from shallow seas
removes salts when droplets become airborne and land
21
Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA)
high area where a glacier gains mass from snowfall
difference between the amount of snow & ice gained and lost from a glacier
floating glacier part that stays attached as it extends into ocean
the region of a glacier that is neither gaining or losing mass
22
During El Nino (ENSO), where does the region of greatest convection?
New Zealand
Indonesia
Central Pacific
Eastern Pacific
23
What physical property of fresh snow contributes to its low thermal conductivity?
high moisture content
compact structure of snow
large amounts of air spaces between the crystals
high density of ice crystals
24
What distinguishes the lithosphere from the asthenosphere?
chemical properties such as composition
presence of water
depth in earth
physical properties such as rigidity
25
felsic igneous rocks
lava cools rapidly on earths surface
rocks rich in magnesium and iron that are dark in color
magma solidifies beneath earths surface
rocks rich in quartz
26
What role does sea ice play in regulating ocean currents?
sea ice blocks all ocean currents from flowing freely
affects salinity+temp, forms bottom water driving thermohaline circulation
sea ice only affects surface currents, not deep currents
sea ice does not influence ocean currents at all
27
What type of fault is this?
reverse/thrust
strike slip
normal
explosion
28
Chemical reactions with volcanic rocks
the removal of elements from sea water to form shells
evaporation of seawater from shallow seas
causes changes in salinity due to reactions with seawater
removes salts when droplets become airborne and land
29
intrusive igneous
rocks rich in magnesium and iron that are dark in color
magma solidifies beneath earths surface
lava cools rapidly on earths surface
rocks rich in quartz
30
What rock type records information about the past conditions at the Earth's surface?
metamorphic
sedimentary
igneous
31
What happens to P-wave velocity as it travels through the Moho boundary?
becomes zero
increases significantly
remains the same
decreases significantly
32
weathering
regions that were tectonically active but are now tectonically dormant
transport of products of weathering into basins where sediments accumulate
process that transform solid rock to smaller particles & dissolved material
33
What determines the vertical structure of the deep ocean?
upwelling
gyre formation
CO2 concentration
density
34
Which of the following is a major process contributing to the salinity of ocean water?
the weathering of rocks on land
ice melting in polar regions
rainfall diluting ocean water
marine organisms consuming salt
35
Heat absorption
delays the response of ocean temperatures to atmospheric changes
regulates atmospheric temperatures over time
influences global ocean temperatures
transfers warm water to polar regions
36
The easterly winds at the surface of the Pacific produces a ____ flowing ocean current?
southern
eastward
northern
westward
37
Low velocity zone (LVZ)
region of upper mantle with a small amount of molten rock and is ductile
Boundary between the crust and mantle
rigid outer layer of the earth, crust and uppermost part of the mantle
heat transported from earth's interior → surface, escapes into atmosphere
38
What role did magnetic polarity play in the development of the theory of sea floor spreading?
showed that plates move towards each other
explain how new oceanic crust forms and moves away from mid ocean ridges
proved that continental drift is impossible
indicated that the ocean floor is completely static
39
During an ENSO event, where does the zone of convection in the atmosphere shift?
central pacific
no shift occurs
western pacific
eastern pacific
40
What role does pressure play in the transformation of snow to ice on glaciers and ice sheets?
pressure has no effect on transformation of snow to ice
pressure causes the snow to evaporate instead of turning to ice
increased pressure from overlying snow enhances compaction & snow density
higher pressure makes snow remain as snow indefinitely
41
What is the big deal with the cryosphere
atmospheric gas flux
sea level change & fresh water reserves
albedo changes
all of the above
42
What is the relationship between earthquake magnitude and the number of earthquakes that occur in any given year?
as earthquake magnitude increases the number of events decreases linearly
as earthquake magnitude increases the number of events decreases linearly
as earthquake magnitude increases the # of events decreases exponentially
as earthquake magnitude increases the # of events increase exponentially
43
What is permafrost?
ice that forms on top of water bodies
permanently frozen ground that remains at or below 0°C for 2 or more years
ground that is frozen only during winter months
a type of soil that is always wet
44
Where is the Moho depth the shallowest? (earths crust the thinnest)
underneath young mountain belts
beneath oceanic crust
areas undergoing extension
45
What influences the distribution of sea ice?
ocean currents can carry sea ice to lower latitudes
ocean currents can carry sea ice poleward to higher latitudes
all of the above
air blowing over the surface of sea ice can move it
46
Where does downwelling occur?
where divergence occurs at the surface
over the top boundary currents
where wind exerts drag on the ocean surface
where convergence occurs at the surface
47
What type of fault is shown here?
strike slip
explosion
normal
reverse/thrust
48
What is the first motion for this seismogram?
up and compressional
up and extensional
down and compressional
49
What role do rivers play in affecting ocean salinity?
they evaporate and leave behind more concentrated salt
they reduce the salt concentration by adding freshwater
they transport minerals and salts from land to the ocean
they create barriers that prevent salt from entering the ocean
50
Pycnocline
a layer where temperature drops rapidly with increasing depth
a layer in the ocean where there is a rapid change in density
deep ocean currents driven by differences in temp and salinity
sinking of surface water from convergence, water accumulation in surface
51
What is used to determine accurate paleolatitudes of continents?
fossil remains linking continents together
pattern of reversals in the Earth's magnetic field
paleo-declination recorded by rocks when they are formed
paleo-inclination recorded by rocks when they are formed
52
What are the major divisions of Earth's interior based on seismic wave velocities?
upper crust, lower crust
lithosphere, asthenosphere
crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic
53
extrusive igneous
rocks rich in quartz
lava cools rapidly on earths surface
magma solidifies beneath earths surface
rocks rich in magnesium and iron that are dark in color
54
Thermocline
the densest water in the ocean
deep ocean currents driven by differences in temp and salinity
a layer in the ocean where there is a rapid change in density
a layer where temperature drops rapidly with increasing depth
55
deep ocean currents
opposing gradient force of surface slope, Coriolis effect driving flow
driven by wind and affected by the Coriolis effect
caused by tides and localized wind conditions
driven by density differences due to temperature and salinity
56
Which fault type is found in areas of compressional forces?
reverse/thrust faults
normal faults
57
erosion
transport of products of weathering into basins where sediments accumulate
process that transform solid rock to smaller particles & dissolved material
regions that were tectonically active but are now tectonically dormant
58
Over what timescales will permafrost respond to changes in climate?
decadal timescales
centennial timescales
several years
several months
59
What is magnetic polarity?
the presence of electricity in the earth
the orientation of the earths magnetic field at a given time
the temperature of the earth's core
the density of earths materials
60
What is the timescale for deep water circulation?
5000 years
50 years
1000 years
500 years
61
Where does most of the sea ice in the Arctic region form?
in deep ocean trenches
inside glacier formations
primarily in the shallow continental shelf areas
along the equator
62
What are the two primary ways sea ice affects climate?
creates more snow and increases precipitation
increases solar absorption by the ocean and warms the atmosphere
high albedo reflects sun & thick ice slows heat transfer from ocean to air
it provides habitat for marine life and cools ocean water
63
Why is the loss of sea ice particularly concerning for climate scientists?
it has no significant impact on overall climate patters
it makes the Arctic colder and decreases warming effects
it leads to a positive feedback loop, accelerating climate change
it reduces the amount of freshwater available to the ocean
64
During the snow to ice transformation, what happens to the density of the material?
the density increases as more crystals join together through compaction
the density fluctuates wildly throughout the process
density stays the same regardless of compaction
density decreases due to melting
65
During La Nina conditions, where is convection enhanced?
Eastern Pacific
Indonesia
New Zealand
Central Pacific
66
How does density change with depth in a snowpack?
density is constant
density increases
density decreases only until 50 m depth
density decreases
67
The average salinity of the world's ocean is approximately
20%
70%
55%
35%
68
What role do glaciers play in the Earth's cryosphere?
store vast amounts of freshwater, influence global climate patterns
they create permanent landforms in deserts
they are responsible for bottom water formation in the poles
they are sources of saltwater for the oceans
69
Which wave type is responsible for the most structural damage during earthquakes?
P waves
S waves
Surface waves
primary waves
70
geothermal heat flux
semi solid layer within the mantle allowing for tectonic movement of plates
Boundary between the crust and mantle
rigid outer layer of the earth, crust and uppermost part of the mantle
heat transported from earth's interior → surface, escapes into atmosphere
71
What are the two main sources of heat in the earth's interior?
residual heat from earths formation and radioactive decay
magnetic polarity of earths magnetic field and radioactive decay
nuclear fusion in the earths core and growth of the inner core
chemical reactions deep within the earth and growth of the inner core
72
What is the freezing temperature of ocean water?
4 degrees C
2 degrees C
-2 degrees C
0 degrees C
73
What happens to sea ice during the summer months?
it increases in area due to snow accumulation
it typically melts, reducing its extent
it becomes thicker and more stable
it rises above sea levels
74
In what phase is H2O the most dense?
solid
liquid
gas
75
Which of the following are true regarding sea ice formation and the development of deep water?
sea ice formation cools the ocean to colder temperatures
water is added to the ocean decreasing the salinity
the underlying water becomes saltier
76
geostrophic currents
opposing gradient force of surface slope, Coriolis effect driving flow
caused by tides and localized wind conditions
driven by wind and affected by the Coriolis effect
driven by density differences due to temperature and salinity
77
What process destroys oceanic lithosphere and thus can destroy the seafloor record of seafloor magnetic stripes?
the tectonic process of subduction
sedimentary rock formation
the tectonic process of divergence
78
Ocean heat transport
transfers warm water to polar regions
influences global ocean temperatures
regulates atmospheric temperatures over time
delays the response of ocean temperatures to atmospheric changes
79
What is the freezing temperature of ocean water of an average salinity?
-2 C
2 C
0 C
-4 C
80
How many branches does a snow flake have?
9
4
6
8
81
Strong positive values of the SOI indicate what conditions?
El Nino
La Nina
neutral conditions
82
Thermohaline circulation
the densest water in the ocean
deep ocean currents driven by differences in temp and salinity
a layer in the ocean where there is a rapid change in density
a layer where temperature drops rapidly with increasing depth
83
La Nina describes what phase of the southern oscillation?
cold phase
warm phase
normal conditions
84
cratons
process that transform solid rock to smaller particles & dissolved material
transport of products of weathering into basins where sediments accumulate
regions that were tectonically active but are now tectonically dormant
85
What are the two major ways glaciers lose mass?
ablation and accumulation
melting and sublimation
freezing and thawing
meltwater runoff and iceberg calving
86
In which direction do currents flow within a gyre in the Northern Hemisphere?
counterclockwise
south
north
clockwise
87
What are the basic building blocks of silicates?
silica rhombus
silica tetrahedron
the phosphate dodecahedron
iron pyramid
88
What is the effect of a thick snow cover on heat loss from the ground?
it causes the ground to heat up
it has no effect on heat loss
it increases heat loss from the ground to the atmosphere
it reduces heat loss from the ground to the atmosphere
89
Firn
snow that is more than one year old
floating glacier part that stays attached as it extends into ocean
the region of a glacier that is neither gaining or losing mass
difference between the amount of snow & ice gained and lost from a glacier
90
What type of feedback loop characterizes ENSO?
positive
negative
neither
91
Ablation area
snow that is more than one year old
low area where glaciers lose mass by melting and sublimation
crack in glacier formed by extensional stress & brittle failure of the ice
high area where a glacier gains mass from snowfall
92
What is the net direction of transport within the water column with respects to the wind direction? (Ekman transport)
0 degrees
20 degrees
90 degrees
180 degrees
93
Glacial flow can be described as a balance of which two processes?
melting and freezing
erosion and deposition
deformation and sliding
expanding and contracting
94
Why is there a global earthquake monitoring network?
to predict the next earthquake
to find the biggest earthquake
find nuclear tests
for science
95
What happens to air spaces in snow as it compacts into ice?
volume of air spaces decreases as the snow compacts and gets denser
the air spaces remain the same throughout the process
the air space increases, making the snow fluffier
air spaces disappear completely and cannot be observed
96
What is the average residence time of water within the entire deep ocean?
>2000 years
500 years
1500 years
150 years
97
Why do S-waves stop?
the waves don't travel through liquids
instruments are not sensitive enough to measure
this is an outstanding geologic mystery
all waves are reflected off the core
98
What is the primary driver of bottom water formation?
sea ice
surface mixing
downwelling
rainfall
99
Which type of fault?
normal
reverse/thrust
strike slip
100
Ice shelf
crack in glacier formed by extensional stress & brittle failure of the ice
high area where a glacier gains mass from snowfall
low area where glaciers lose mass by melting and sublimation
floating glacier part that stays attached as it extends into ocean
101
What are the most common ions dissolved in the oceans?
calcium and magnesium
magnesium and carbonate
sulfate and chloride
sodium and chloride
102
Which component of the cryosphere is currently contributing the most to observed sea level rise?
Greenland ice sheet
Antarctic ice sheet
Mountain glaciers
sea ice
103
Lithosphere
semi solid layer within the mantle allowing for tectonic movement of plates
heat transported from earth's interior → surface, escapes into atmosphere
region of upper mantle with a small amount of molten rock and is ductile
rigid outer layer of the earth, crust and uppermost part of the mantle
104
Which type of fault?
reverse/thrust
normal
strike slip
105
Why is melting permafrost significant for climate change?
it cools the surrounding environment
it produces more CO2 in the atmosphere
methane producing organisms thrive, ↑ methane emissions in the atmosphere
it causes more snow to accumulate
106
Which type of fault?
normal
reverse/thrust
strike slip
107
According to ice core records, ENSO events been observed in the climate record for at least the past
1000 years
100 years
1500 years
500 years
108
metamorphic rocks
form by conversion of loose minerals into thick, cohesive, layered deposits
rock is exposed to high temps or pressures that transform its composition
from the cooling and solidification of magma
109
Where is Moho depth the greatest? (where is earth crust thickest)
in areas undergoing extension
underneath young mountain belts
beneath oceanic crust
110
Biological processes
causes changes in salinity due to reactions with seawater
removes salts when droplets become airborne and land
the removal of elements from sea water to form shells
evaporation of seawater from shallow seas
111
Which component of the cryosphere is currently contributing the most to sea level rise?
the Greenland ice sheet
permafrost
global mountain glaciers
the Antarctic ice sheet
112
Which fault type is found in areas of extensional forces?
strike slip faults
reverse/thrust faults
normal faults
113
mass balance
high area where a glacier gains mass from snowfall
low area where glaciers lose mass by melting and sublimation
difference between the amount of snow & ice gained and lost from a glacier
floating glacier part that stays attached as it extends into ocean
114
Evaporite deposits
the removal of elements from sea water to form shells
removes salts when droplets become airborne and land
evaporation of seawater from shallow seas
causes changes in salinity due to reactions with seawater
115
mafic igneous rocks
magma solidifies beneath earths surface
lava cools rapidly on earths surface
rocks rich in quartz
rocks rich in magnesium and iron that are dark in color
116
What was one of the main reasons for the scientific skepticism towards Wegener's theory of continental drift?
he did not collect enough data
his theory was based soley on fossils
it contradicted the idea of plate tectonics
he could not provide a physical mechanism for the movement of continents
117
Halocline
deep ocean currents driven by differences in temp and salinity
a layer in the ocean where salinity changes rapidly with depth
sinking of surface water from convergence, water accumulation in surface
a layer in the ocean where there is a rapid change in density
118
Where does upwelling occur?
where divergence occurs at the surface
within an Ekman spiral
where wind exerts drag on the ocean surface
where convergence occurs at the surface
119
The Coriolis effect causes ocean currents to be deflected to the _____ in the Northern Hemisphere.
right
left
up
down
120
What are atmospheric pressures at low altitudes in regions of atmospheric convection with uplift and precipitation?
low pressures
sometimes both
high pressures
121
What is the effect of snow cover on the ground?
keeps the ground warmer
keeps the ground colder
no effect
keeps the ground frozen
122
igneous rocks
form by conversion of loose minerals into thick, cohesive, layered deposits
rock is exposed to high temps or pressures that transform its composition
from the cooling and solidification of magma
123
Bottom water
sinking of surface water from convergence, water accumulation in surface
the densest water in the ocean
a layer where temperature drops rapidly with increasing depth
a layer in the ocean where salinity changes rapidly with depth
124
What type of wave can travel through both solid and liquid materials in the Earth?
P waves
S waves
T waves
surface waves
125
How are S waves generated during an earthquake?
by surface interactions
by compression of materials
by the shear motion of materials
by volcanic activity
126
Which condition leads to the formation of glaciers over time?
repeated snowfall events that form thick layers of ice over a winter
cooling of ocean waters from cold air temps that result in ice formation
snow being blown and compacted by strong winds constantly
accumulation of snow over many years results in compaction and snow to ice
127
Upwelling
deep water circulation driven by temperature and salinity differences
a large circular ocean current that flows around ocean basins
climate pattern that causes warmings of sea surface temps in the Pacific
the process where deep cold water rises to the surface
128
When an earthquake occurs, which seismic wave reaches a seismometer first?
Rayleigh waves
P waves
surface waves
S waves
129
Moho
rigid outer layer of the earth, crust and uppermost part of the mantle
Boundary between the crust and mantle
region of upper mantle with a small amount of molten rock and is ductile
semi solid layer within the mantle allowing for tectonic movement of plates
130
The Gulf Stream moves warm water
towards Africa
west
south
poleward
131
What types of earthquakes occur at divergent plate boundaries?
small EQs (Mw <6), shallow
small EQs (Mw<6), deep
large EQs (Mw7+), any depth
large EQs (Mw7+), shallow
132
At what temperature does maximum density occur for fresh water?
0 degrees C
4 degrees C
2 degrees C
-2 degrees C
133
surface currents
driven by density differences due to temperature and salinity
caused by tides and localized wind conditions
driven by wind and affected by the Coriolis effect
opposing gradient force of surface slope, Coriolis effect driving flow
134
What type of fault is this?
normal
explosion
strike slip
reverse/thrust
135
Downwelling
the densest water in the ocean
a layer in the ocean where salinity changes rapidly with depth
a layer where temperature drops rapidly with increasing depth
sinking of surface water from convergence, water accumulation in surface
136
What effect does the weakening of trade winds during an ENSO event have on upwelling in the eastern Pacific?
it decreases upwelling
it has no effect on upwelling
it causes upwelling to shift westward
it increases upwelling
137
Crevasse
snow that is more than one year old
difference between the amount of snow & ice gained and lost from a glacier
crack in glacier formed by extensional stress & brittle failure of the ice
the region of a glacier that is neither gaining or losing mass
138
coastal currents
opposing gradient force of surface slope, Coriolis effect driving flow
driven by density differences due to temperature and salinity
caused by tides and localized wind conditions
driven by wind and affected by the Coriolis effect
139
What are the two ways in which glaciers and ice sheets lose mass and contribute to sea level rise?
dynamically by the calving of ice bergs & meltwater runoff
sublimation & meltwater runoff
sublimation & snow metamorphism
snowfall accumulation & snow compaction and metamorphism
140
How do magnetic stripes on the ocean floor form?
they appear due to sedimentation processes
as new crust is created & magnetized according to the earths magnetic field
they are created by underwater volcanic activity
they occur because of tidal influences
141
Mafic rocks are typical of
oceanic crust
continental crust
both
neither
142
sedimentary rocks
from the cooling and solidification of magma
form by conversion of loose minerals into thick, cohesive, layered deposits
rock is exposed to high temps or pressures that transform its composition
143
Divergent surface currents produce what?
upwelling
whirlpool formation
downwelling
144
What does the halocline describe?
change in temperature with depth
change in density with depth
change in salinity with depth
145
El Nino describes which phase of the southern oscillation?
normal conditions
warm phase
cold phase
146
What type of fault is this?
normal
reverse/thrust
strike slip
explosion

EAR 203 Exam 2 Review Flashcards | StudBud