Enlightenment & Revolutions Pre-Exam Review

Who played a key role in Brazil's quest for independence and declared himself the emperor of a free Brazil in 1822?

Who assumed leadership and continued Mexico's struggle for independence after the execution of Father Miguel Hidalgo?

What was a common defense against Enlightenment ideas used by authorities in government and the church?

Which philosopher authored "Leviathan" and argued for absolute monarchy?

What inspired many Creoles in the Spanish colonies, leading them to seek more political influence?

In 1804, how did Napoleon symbolize a shift in his rule?

When did Haiti declare itself an independent country?

What action did enraged citizens take in response to suspicions against King Louis XVI?

Who was the primary drafter of the Declaration of Independence?

In addition to books and pamphlets, where else did Enlightenment ideas flourish?

Who were individuals of mixed European and Native American descent in the Spanish colonial structure?

Which philosopher influenced the ideas expressed in the Declaration, particularly the concept of natural rights?

What tactic did the Russian army adopt during Napoleon's invasion in 1812 to impede his forces?

Who challenged the geocentric theory with his heliocentric model in 1543?

What core grievance did the colonists have regarding their relationship with the British Parliament?

What document served as an inspiration for the Declaration of the Rights of Man & the Citizen issued in August 1789?

What was the primary objective of the Congress of Vienna held in 1814-1815?

Who led an uprising against the Spanish in Venezuela in 1810 to create a republic?

How did the Battle of Trafalgar contribute to preventing Napoleon's plans?

According to Descartes, what did he introduce as a fundamental element in the pursuit of knowledge?

What conclusion did John Locke arrive at regarding the nature of government and society?

What posed challenges to the revolutionary government in terms of external threats?

Who led the enslaved Africans in the revolutionary uprising in Haiti in 1791?

What key tenet of Physiocratic thought emphasized minimal government interference in business operations?

Which document added the first ten amendments to address concerns about individual rights and freedoms?

What measures did Jacques Necker propose to address France's financial crisis?

What did peasants believe during the "Great Fear" that led to their actions, including setting fire to manor records?

After José de San Martín's success in Chile, what strategic decision did he make regarding Simón Bolívar?

What was the Church's stance on preserving traditional wisdom?

Which act, passed in 1766, asserted the complete authority of the British Parliament over the American colonies?

Who were the Peninsulares in the Spanish colonial structure?

Who was another key figure in the fight for South American independence and collaborated with Simón Bolívar?

Why did the National Convention grant absolute power to the Committee of Public Safety?

What concept did Montesquieu introduce in "The Spirit of Laws" that influenced the development of modern politics?

What broader intellectual movement did the Scientific Revolution pave the way for?

What concept did Adam Smith introduce about individuals contributing to the overall economic well-being of society?

Who challenged ideas on women's rights and called for education for women in "A Vindication of the Rights of Women"?

What served as a voice for the grievances of the colonies and discussed strategies for addressing their concerns?

What was the fate of Father Miguel Hidalgo, the initiator of the call for Mexican independence?

What act of defiance occurred in 1773, where colonists protested against taxes by throwing tea into the Boston Harbor?

What challenges did urban workers face within the Third Estate?

How did writers respond to censorship of Enlightenment ideas?

What was Napoleon's most enduring domestic legacy?

Why did the Third Estate declare itself the National Assembly in June 1789?

What was the primary role of the Directory, as established by the Constitution of 1795?

What was the prevailing belief in Europe until the mid-1500s regarding the position of the Earth in the universe?

In what year did the Treaty of Paris acknowledge the independence of the U.S., marking the end of the Revolutionary war?

Which Enlightenment thinker defended freedom of thought through prolific writings and critiqued oppressive institutions?

Who was appointed as the commanding general of the Continental Army?

What did Galileo's observations reveal about the movement of celestial bodies?

What response did Napoleon adopt to counter British naval strength?

What was the fate of King Louis XVI after being put on trial by the National Convention?

In 1793, what significant role did Napoleon Bonaparte play in military campaigns?

What inspired the ideas embedded in the Constitution, including individual rights and governance by consent?

What fundamental feature of the Constitution aimed to prevent the concentration of power and protect liberties?

What economic consequence resulted from the increasing costs of goods and services in France?

How did Napoleon strengthen the central government, distinguishing it from the revolutionary era?

What did the Scientific Method, born out of the emphasis on reasoning, involve?

Who were the key leaders of the British and Prussian forces that defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo?

What is the historical significance of July 14, 1789?

Why did Galileo face a heresy trial by the Church?

What position did Napoleon assume in 1799, consolidating political power in his hands?

What principle asserts that the authority of the government is derived from the consent of the governed?

Who were the sans-culottes, and what demands did they make?

What marked Napoleon's political move in 1799, leading to the overthrow of the Directory?

Who emerged as the prominent leader of the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror?

How did Robert Boyle contribute to the field of chemistry?

What economic doctrine did the Physiocrats reject in their advocacy for transformative economic reforms?

Which scientist perfected the microscope and was the first to observe cells and microorganisms?

What did Rene Descartes emphasize as the most effective path to understanding the world?

What philosophical statement by Descartes became a cornerstone of his framework?

What event in 1770 heightened anti-British sentiments due to British soldiers firing on a crowd of colonists?

Who, although not a Physiocrat, echoed similar sentiments to their ideas in the work "The Wealth of Nations"?

What percentage of the French population did the Third Estate comprise under the Ancien Régime?

Who were some key figures involved in the Constitutional Convention, where the Constitution of the U.S. was drafted?