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Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review Flashcards | StudBud
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Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
Flashcards
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Answers
1
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
non-declarative memories
sensory memories
episodic memories
flashbulb memories
2
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
state-dependent learning
observational learning
3
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
thyroid gland
pancreas
pituitary gland
sebaceous gland
4
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a developmental psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a forensic psychologist
a social psychologist
5
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
stirrup
cochlea
oval window
temporal lobe
6
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous sleep
become aggressive
remain in continuous wakefulness
become fearful/cautious
7
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
law of small numbers
representativeness heuristic
conjunction heuristic
availability heuristic
8
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
platonic
morphemic
phonemic
mnemonic
9
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
censoring dissent from group members
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
10
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
total loss of personal control
hallucinations
reduction of inhibitions
resistance to pain
11
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
exposure to light
amount of time awake
amount of time alseep
cultural practices
12
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a self-report inventory
a projective test
a behavior rating
a deceptive test
13
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
the internal state causes the facial expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
14
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
food/meat powder
tone
salivation
light
15
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
dopamine
endorphin
acetylcholine
serotonin
16
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
behavioral
psychoanalytic
cognitive
humanistic
17
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
IQ
a percentile score
a potential score
mental age
18
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
alpha
delta
gamma
beta
19
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
brightness
light purity
color
saturation
20
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a delusion
a phobia
a compulsion
an obsession
21
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
gonads
pituitary
thalamus
thyroid
22
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
corpus callosum
cerebral cortex
medulla
hypothalamus
23
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
display rules
social scripts
investment differentiations
parental investments
24
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test levels
test scales
test scores
test norms
25
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
retrieved
ablated
modeled
encoded
26
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
unrealistic demands from family/friends
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
27
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
accuracy of inference
representativeness
consistency
predictability
28
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
reversibility
conservation
egocentrism
centration
29
Anhedonia is when a person...
experiences mild manic states
has trouble getting along with people
has two different psychological disorders
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
30
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in agreeableness
low in openness
high in neuroticism
low in extraversion
31
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
psychotherapy
avoidance therapy
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
32
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
cross-sectional
sequential
longitundinal
time of testing
33
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
alcohol
narcotics
sedatives
cannabis
34
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
opiates
teratogens
pathogens
prenatals
35
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
print letters
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
sing a song
36
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rat
fear reaction
loud noise
rabbit
37
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
fluid
crystallized
episodic
procedural
38
A valid test is one that...
has been standardized but not normed
is consistent
measures what it is supposed to measure
is reliable
39
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
poor police protection
job discrimination experienced by the residents
crowded living conditions
the personal qualities of the residents
40
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
41
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
wish fulfillment theory
problem-solving theory
activation-synthesis theory
None of the Above
42
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
surprise
happiness
sadness
fear
43
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
just noticeable difference
absolute threshold
subliminal threshold
sensory memory
44
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
marijuana
cocaine
heroin
mescaline
45
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Wilhelm Wundt
G. Stanley Hall
William James
Rene Decartes
46
A perceptual set implies that...
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
people often see what they expect to see
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
47
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
reticular formation
brainstem
cerebellum
limbic system
48
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retrograde amnesia
retroactive interference
pseudoforgetting
anterograde amnesia
49
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
independently of autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
50
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the law of cognitive dissonance
the principle of collectivism
the reciprocity norm
display rules
51
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
moving a part of his body
seeing a flash of light
smelling an odor
hearing a sound
52
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
thalamus
cortex
location of injury
spinal cord
53
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
fugue
conversion disorder
bipolar disorder
panic disorder
54
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
timbre
loudness
decibels
pitch
55
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
secure-avoidant
attachment probing
shared inhibition
strange situation
56
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not really been asleep
been dreaming
not been dreaming
a headache
57
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
phonemes
syntax
linguistic heuristics
morphemes
58
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
punishment
observational learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
59
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
magnetic resonance imaging
computerized tomography
positron emission tomography
electrographic tomography
60
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
cognitive dissonance
obedience
conformity
groupthink
61
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
preconventional
postconventional
conventional
concrete
62
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; standardized
intelligence; personality
personality; standardized
standardized; intelligence
63
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
observational learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
reinforcement
64
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalocaudal trend
encephalitis
the proximodistal trend
the cephalopedal trend
65
An antagonist...
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
66
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the availability heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the representativeness heuristic
use a holistic decision model
67
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
selection
step-wise conditioning
shaping
stimulus discrimination
68
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus discrimination
conditioned emotional reactions
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
69
Framing refers to...
presenting irrelevant information
presenting only part of the information required
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
70
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
physical interaction
logical reasoning
systematic hypothesis testing
abstract operations
71
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
temperament
personality
behavioral quality
attachment
72
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
olfactory cilia
gustatory bulbs
sciatic receptors
smell buds
73
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he's just like his father
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he always gets in fights
74
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
sensation
perception
processing
attention
75
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a superimposed stimulus
a just noticeable difference
subliminal perception
a false alarm
76
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
functionalism
collectivism
attributionism
individualism
77
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an achievement test
an intelligence test
a personality test
an aptitude test
78
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold information for a lifetime
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
put information into long-term memory
79
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a heuristic observation
a contravened stereotype
a self-serving attribution
demonstrates an illusory correlation
80
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
introspection
mentalism
intelligence
cognition
81
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial retrieval
complete retrieval failure
partial storage
complete storage failure
82
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-approach conflict
83
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
genital
latency
anal
oral
84
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were put into a simulated prison
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
85
What is somnambulism?
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-talking
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-walking
86
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
insight learning
latent learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
87
In experiments, subjects that receive the special treatment are known as...
the observational group
the control group
the correlational group
the experimental group
88
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological instability
physiological stability
psychological stability
physiological instability
89
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a situational attribution
an internal attribution
an external attribution
a distinctive attribution
90
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
narcolepsy
pseudoinsomnia
sleep apnea
insomnia
91
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
fill-feed
tree-bird
boat-goat
car-nose
92
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
median
mode
mean
midpoint
93
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
percentiles
standard deviation
means
correlation coefficients
94
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
script
schema
semantic network
chunk
95
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
short-term
intermediate-term
sensory
long-term
96
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
schematizing
cognitive structuring
cultural direction
stereotypes
97
The superego is Freud's term for...
the conscious aspect of personality
the moral component of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the biological impulses that drive behavior
98
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
drive theory
evolutionary theory
instinct theory
incentive theory
99
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
maladaptive behaviors
the conscious
irrational thoughts
the unconscious
100
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the relative threshold period
transduction capacity
the absolute refractory period
transduction incapacity
101
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
marital problems
anxiety disorders
102
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
cookie
i wanted a cookie
give cookie
I eated a cookie
103
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
dyadic encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
the semantic level of encoding
attention encoding
104
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
reasoning
insight
creativity
intelligence
105
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
relearning
recall
reiteration
recognition
106
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
conscious experience
the unconscious
the brain
behavior
107
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
group polarization
social loafing
conformity
deindividuation
108
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
suppression
repression
avoidance
neurogenic amnesia
109
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
constancy
symmetry
similiarity
closure
110
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
musical
logical-mathemathical
mechanical
spatial
111
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
REM
stage 4
stage 1
stage 2
112
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
group differences in basic intelligence
changes in testing procedures
a variety of environmental factors
genetic influences on IQ
113
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender behaviors
gender differences
gender stereotypes
gender roles
114
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
formal operations
post-conventional moral reasoning
development of secondary sex characteristics
115
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Sperry's area
Wernicke's area
Broca's area
Cannon's area
116
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
afferent nerves
efferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
autonomic nerves
117
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
medulla
occipital cortex
prefrontal cortex
hypothalamus
118
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
119
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
feeling is to thinking
attitude is to action
behavior is to motive
thought is to perception
120
What is cognitive dissonance?
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
121
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
excessive guilt
manipulative behavior
social charm
aggressiveness
122
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
123
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
lens
vitreous humor
cornea
iris
124
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
feeding
memory
the endocrine system
the autonomic nervous system
125
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
classical conditioning
superstitious behavior
observational learning
positive reinforcement
126
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
127
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
overextension
fast-mapping
semantic slanting
metalinguistic awareness
128
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the conjunction fallacy
the confirmation bias
the gambler's fallacy
overestimating the improbable
129
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
dissociative
unipolar
cyclical
bipolar
130
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
content
absolute
criterion-related
construct
131
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
self-serving bias
attributions
prejudices
stereotypes
132
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a sedative
an amphetamine
a hallucinogen
a narcotic
133
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
top-down processing
lateral processing
bottom-to-top processing
bottom-up processing
134
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
stereotaxic inversion
tumor ligation
lesioning
ESB
135
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
trust vs. mistrust
initiative vs. guilt
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
industry vs. inferiority
136
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
reticular formation
endocrine system
limbic system
leftbrain/right brain communication
137
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
pressure
change
conflict
frustration
138
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
anxiety
schizophrenic
personality
mood
139
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
halo effect in aggression
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
basis for performing pro-social behavior
140
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
hypnosis
consciousness
perception
sensation
141
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
avoidance learning
positive reinforcement
an unconditioned response
escape learning
142
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
spontaneous remission
unconditioning
conditioned forgetting
extinction
143
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
thalamus
parietal lobe
pineal gland
corpus callosum
144
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
fixation
regression
displacement
compensation
145
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
antagonists
neurotransmitters
action potentials
agonists
146
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
standardized validity
content validity
criterion-related validity
147
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
obsessions
hallucinations
delusions
illusions
148
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
id mechanisms
offense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
defense mechanisms
