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Human Relationships
Human Relationships
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1
Which research method used in Levine et al 1995 study?
laboratory experiment
survey questionaire
field experiment
quasi experiment
2
What method was used in Rogers and Frantz?
Observations
Interviews
Survey
Lab Experiment
3
The implicit association test (IAT)
measure conscious attitudes
measures unconscious attitudes and biases
measures our controlled behaviors
measures our behavior
4
Which studies can you use to answers this question: Discuss a Cognitive approach to understanding group dynamics
Novotny and Polonsky (2011) and Rogers and Frantz (1961)
Kerr (1983) and Sattler and Kerr (1991)
Fein and Spencer (1997) Croucher (2013)
Phelps et al (2000) and Harris & Fiske (2006)
5
Rogers and Frantz (1961) sample consisted of:
The sample consisted of 500 White Europeans aged 20 and over
600 Greek people aged 30 and over
30 white males age 18-22
IB STUDENTS
6
What was the order of the 3 stages in Sherif 1954/61?
Integration Phase, Friction phase, In-group Formation
Friction phase, In-group Formation, Integration Phase
In-group Formation, Friction Phase, Integration Phase
Friction Phase, Integration Phase, In-group Formation
7
4. Which countries did Croucher's 2013 study focus on?
Mexico, Brazil and Puerto Rico
Greece, Italy, and Spain
Scotland, England and Marshland
France, Germany, and the UK
8
Sherif's (1954) study and theory suggests that
Conflict is caused by a sense of identification to a group and comparing.
Competition is needed over scarce resources to create inter group conflict.
9
What was the key difference between Scenario 1 and Scenario 2 in the social judgment task they all completed?
Scenario 1 mentioned Greg's girlfriend; Scenario 2 used the word "partner"
Scenario 1 described Greg as successful, Scenario 2 as struggling.
Scenario 1 and two had completely different story lines
Scenario 1 mentioned Greg's career, the other her pesonal kife
10
What were the findings of the Kerr (1983) study?
Participants reduced effort in the Parallel condition only
Participants reduced effort with the hard working partner
Participants reduced effort in both of the above conditions
Participants reduced effort with the hard non-working partner
11
What is stonewalling?
Withdrawing from discussion
Listening actively
Expressing feelings
Engaging in conflict
12
The aim of the Levine (1995) study was to
to explore cross-cultural attitudes toward love and marriage,
Explore how people assimilate to others cultures
Explore evolutionary causes of attraction
Explore how people define love
13
Which of the following "Four Horsemen" was the strongest predictor of marital failure?
Criticism
Defensiveness
Contempt
Stonewalling
14
What emotion was associated with the activation of the insula?
Disgust
Greed
Joy
Envy
15
Which studies can you use to answers this question: Discuss a biological approach to human relationships .
Collins & Miller (1994); Gottman (1994)
Wedekind (1995) and Baumgartner (2008)
Moreland and Beach (1995) and Levine et al (1992)
Kerr (1983) and Sattler and Kerr (1991)
16
Which studies can you use to answers this question: Discuss a Socio-Cultural approach to understanding group dynamics
Fein and Spencer (1997) Croucher (2013)
Kerr (1983) and Sattler and Kerr (1991)
Phelps et al (2000) and Harris & Fiske (2006)
Sherif (1954) and Novotny and Polonsky (2011)
17
What was the main aim of Phelps et al.'s (2000) study?
To analyze facial recognition technology
To investigate racial discrimination in society
To explore neural correlates of racial evaluation
18
What is the stereotype content model?
Groups fight against stereotypes
groups are viewed based on their stereotypes
A model that shows the competence and communication of stereotyped groups
social groups are viewed according to their perceived warmth and competence
19
The core focus of Croucher's 2013 study was to explore...
The relationship between perceived threat and beliefs about assimilation
immigrant assimilation in Europe
The economic impact of immigration in Western Europe
prejudice towards immigrants in the U.S.
20
Mere Exposure Effect explains...
The ability to influence or control other people or events.
Hurling insults that have little to do with the original disagreement.
Groups of coworkers linked solely through communication technologies.
Feeling more attracted to those with whom you have frequent contact.
21
What is a strength of Sherif's study (1954/61)?
It is generalisable
It is ethical
It can be replicated
It has ecological validity
22
What was the aim of Collins & Miller (1994)?
Study stress and communication in couples
Analyze financial stability in relationships
Investigate childhood attachment effects
Study how self-disclosure affects liking
23
What research method did Croucher use in his 2013 study?
Case study
Field Experiment
Survey
Lab Experiment
24
What conclusion did Rogers and Frantz make?
most of participants favored discrimination system
most participants didn't favore discrimination system
some participants favored discrimination
some participants didn't favore discrimination system
25
What was the aim of Novotny and Polonsky
To investigate if conflict through scarcity resources could be produced
To investigate the attitudes towards Muslims in Slovakia & Czech Republic
To investigate the effects of direct competition on conflict
Investigate oxytocin in human ethnocentrism
26
Gottman identified behaviors that should be avoided in marital conflict. Which of the following should be avoided?
Criticism & Defensiveness
Stonewalling
All of the above
Contempt
27
What was the aim of Gottman (1994)?
Analyze social media’s impact on love
Test conflict resolution strategies
Study financial stress in marriage
Predict divorce based on marital communication
28
How did Sherif 1954/61 reduce prejudice?
Superordinate goals
In-group solidarity
Out-group hostility
Friction
29
Which studies can you use to answers this question: Discuss a socio-cultural approach to human relationships
Wedekind (1995) and Baumgartner (2008)
Moreland and Beach (1995) and Levine et al (1992)
Kerr (1983) and Sattler and Kerr (1991)
Collins & Miller (1994); Gottman (1994)
30
Which studies can you use to answers this question: Discuss the formation of personal relationships
Phelps et al (2000) and Harris & Fiske (2006)
Kerr (1983) and Sattler and Kerr (1991)
Novotny and Polonsky (2011) and Rogers and Frantz (1961)
Wedekind (1995) and Hazan & Shaver (1987)
31
Define: Sucker Effect
Comparing ourselves to others
Conforming to avoid pain and gain pleasure
Group members are motivated to achieve group goals
When people slack off to match those around them.
32
Gottman could figure out with ____% accuracy if a couple would divorce
65
30
90
50
33
Is
Levine et al (1995)
related to the Biological, Cognitive or Sociocultural Approach on love?
Cognitive
Biological
Sociocultural
34
Novotny and Polonsky (2011) used what type of sampling in their study?
snowball
self-selected
random
stratified
35
What was the key difference between the two conditions in Sattler & Kerr’s study?
One group was exposed to cooperative norms, and the other was not
1 group played a competitive game, and the other played a cooperative one
One group was the leader, the other the follower
One group played a team game, while the other played alone
36
What did Levine et al(1995) find out about the role of love in marriage?
Individualsitic cultures emphasise love more than collectivist culture
Love is equally valued across all cultures
Collectivist culture priotise romantic love over practical considerations
Love is only important in long-term relationships.
37
The findings of the Wedekind (1995) study suggest that
Women prefer the scent of men who have a SIMILAR MHC.
Women prefer the scent of men who have a DIFFERENT MHC.
None of the above
Women were not influenced by the scent of T-shirts.
38
Wedekind (1995) aim was to
Explored affects of MHC on sexual attraction.
Explore the affect of smell on sexual attraction
research difference between taking notes digitally and physically.
research phermonoes affect on sexual attraction
39
What did the study find about the correlation between IAT scores and amygdala activation?
No correlation
Negative correlation
Positive correlation
40
What was the main finding regarding participants who received negative feedback on the intelligence test?
Negative feedback led to more stereotypical ratings
Positive feedback led to more stereotypical ratings
Negative feedback had no effect
Both groups rated Greg similarly
41
The main aim of Sattler & Kerr's 1991 study was to explore
if a superordinate goal brings people together
how cooperative social norms influence behavior in a mixed-motive game
to reliability of memory
the impact of scarce resources on behavior
42
A group of genes that play an important role in the immune system
Minor Histocompatibility Complex
Major Temporal Lobe
Major Gene Complex
Major Histocompatibility Complex
43
Moreland and Beach (1992) aim was:
Investigate whether exposure to a certain person originated attraction.
Investigate how marriage influences our perception of a different culture
To test the validity of the mere-exposure effect.
To see how culture influences the mate selection.
44
Sattler & Kerr (1991) found that
People are too selfish to cooperate
People will only cooperate if they have a competent partner
People will follow proper social norms when exposed to them
People only cooperate for money
45
What is "assimilation" in the context of Croucher's study?
The process of immigrants integrating into the workforce
The process of keeping isolated from any culture
The process of immigrants adopting the host society's values and culture
The process of immigrants returning to their home countries
46
Social penetration theory explains that...
relationships develop as you get older
Romantic relationships are based on your first bonded experience
relationships develop through self-disclosure.
You like people you see more often
47
What were additional Findings of Novonty and Polonsky(2011)?
Knowing a culture has no effect on how you perceive them
Knowing a culture more, decreases hostility towards them
Knowing a culture less, decreases hostility towards them
48
The IV of Moreland and Beach was
the gender of the confederates
the number of visits to the lecture hall made by the confederates
the position the confederates sat in the lecture hall
the attractiveness of the confederates
49
What were the Findings of Novonty and Polonsky(2011)?
15% of participants had a Muslim friend, and 30% had met a Muslim.
12% of participants had a Muslim friend, and 20% had encountered a Muslim.
5% of participants knew a Muslim, and 18% had met one.
10% had a Muslim friend, and 23% had met a Muslim.
50
What was the DV of the Kerr (1983) study?
Hard working vs non hard working partner
Smelling T-shirts
Pumping air
Black vs White Faces
51
Which studies can you use to answer this question: Discuss the Role of Communication in Human Relationships?
Moreland and Beach (1995) and Levine et al (1992)
Kerr (1983) and Sattler and Kerr (1991)
Collins & Miller (1994); Gottman (1994)
Wedekind (1995) and Baumgartner (2008)
52
Moreland and Beach (1992) determined that…
Frequency of exposure is positively correlated with attraction
Frequency of exposure is negatively correlated with attraction
Frequency of exposure is not correlated with attraction
Individualistic cultures exhibit pair-bonding behavior more frequently
53
What was the main aim of Harris & Fiske's study?
investigate how the brain reacts to out-groups like homeless & addicts
To measure brain reactions to positive social interactions
To study brain activity when observing people from different cultures
54
In Wedekind (1995)...
The men wore the same T-shirt for 10 nights.
The women wore the same T-shirt for two nights.
Both men and women wore the same T-shirt for two nights.
The men wore the same T-shirt for 2 nights.
55
What was the IV of the Kerr (1983) study?
Hard working vs non hard working partner
Pumping air
Smelling T-shirts
Black vs White Faces
56
Which studies can you use to answers this question: Discuss Prejudice and/or discrimination
Novotny and Polonsky (2011) and Rogers and Frantz (1961)
Kerr (1983) and Sattler and Kerr (1991)
Wedekind (1995) and Hazan & Shaver (1987)
Phelps et al (2000) and Harris & Fiske (2006)
57
Through Sherif's (1954) study, he concluded that prejudice can be diffused by . . .
Using empathy and conversation
Using super-ordinate goals
Using unlimited resources
Using tasks that the two groups can compete in
58
How did Hazen & Shaver (1987) investigate their aim?
responded to a “love quiz” in a newspaper.
They had the females smell t-shirts
Had people undergo a sleep study
They observed couples arguing
59
What was the mean score sample of Rogers and Frantz (1961)?
3.45
2.45
2.44
2.46
60
The 3 Attachment Styles Are...
secure, reassuring, mistrustful
Criticism, Contempt, Stonewalling
anxious, secure
secure, avoidant ambivalent
61
What is the assumption that Hazen and Shaver (1987) made in their study?
Co-sleeping is a cross-cultural phenomenon
Adult attachment reflects what they experienced in childhood
A child's independence is based off of previous relationships
Previous attachment figures do not influence adult expecations or beliefs
62
How many cultures did Levine et al (1995) study?
1200
11
25
3
63
Which studies can you use to answers this question: Discuss a Biological approach to understanding group dynamics
Novotny and Polonsky (2011) and Rogers and Frantz (1961)
Sherif (1954) and Novotny and Polonsky (2011)
Phelps et al (2000) and Harris & Fiske (2006)
Kerr (1983) and Sattler and Kerr (1991)
64
Which studies can you use to answers this question: Discuss Research on Cooperation and/or competition
Phelps et al (2000) and Harris & Fiske (2006)
Wedekind (1995) and Hazan & Shaver (1987)
Kerr (1983) and Sattler and Kerr (1991)
Novotny and Polonsky (2011) and Rogers and Frantz (1961)
65
Which studies can you use to answers this question: Discuss the Origins of conflict and/or conflict resolution
Sherif (1954) and Novotny and Polonsky (2011)
Kerr (1983) and Sattler and Kerr (1991)
Wedekind (1995) and Hazan & Shaver (1987)
Novotny and Polonsky (2011) and Rogers and Frantz (1961)
66
Which of the following is NOT one of Gottman’s four horses of the apocalypse?
Criticism
Irritation
Contempt
Stonewalling
67
Finish the statement about crouchers findings: The more threatened people felt...
The more they wanted to move out of their country
The more they believed immigrants DID NOT want to assimilate
The more they believed immigrants wanted to assimilate
The higher they scored on the Implicit Association test
68
What was the procedure of the Gottman (1994) study?
Quesionnaire of couples on how they argue
Interview the couple separately
Having couples discuss a recent argument they had
Give a couple something new to argue over
69
Phelps et al 2000 found
white people indicated heightened fear response to unfamiliar white faces
asian people indicated heightened fear response to unfamiliar black faces
black people indicated heightened fear response to unfamiliar white faces
white people indicated heightened fear response to unfamiliar black faces
70
In Fein and Spencer (1997) what the independent variable?
type of feedback on an intelligence task
A survey of love languages
Being paired with a partner or not
Whether they chewed gum or not
71
The aim of the Hazen and Shaver study was to investigate if:
you like people who are in close proximity to you
Arguing couples would divorce
Culture influences the way you choose a partner
Attachment styles influence later relationships
72
Which of the following was NOT a finding of the Collins and Miller's (1994) study?
People will share more with those they liked
Self-disclosure had no effect on liking someone
self-disclosure fosters stronger social connections and enhances attraction
You like people who share more
73
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment studied what developmental concept
attachment to mothers
assimilation
motor development
parenting style
74
What brain region was activated when participants viewed images of homeless people or addicts?
Medial prefrontal cortex
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Insula
75
What is the "halo effect" in psychology?
The tendency to judge others based on their facial features
The tendency to forget negative events
Assuming someone's good in all areas based on being good in one area
The tendency to dislike people based on one flaw
76
What type of research method was used in Novotny & Polonsky (2011)?
Case Study
Field Study
Lab Experiment
Survey/Questionnaire
77
The IV's of Dion et al (1972) was
The attractiveness of the person being judged
The age of the person being judged
The score out of 6 for each personality trait
The gender of the person being judged
78
Which brain region showed greater activation when participants viewed Black faces?
Prefrontal cortex
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Insula
79
Baumgartner et al. (2008) found ________________ influenced feelings of trust.
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Oxytocin
80
What was the
Dependent
Variable of the Wedekind (1995) study?
How long an individual had been in a relationship
Similar or different MHC
Rating the T-shirt smells
Male Vs. Female
81
Which studies can you use to answers this question: Discuss a cognitive approach to human relationships
Kerr (1983) and Sattler and Kerr (1991)
Collins & Miller (1994); Gottman (1994)
Wedekind (1995) and Baumgartner (2008)
Hazan & Shaver (1987), Dion et al (1972)
82
Dion et al (1972) found that attractive individuals were found to
have higher status jobs
All of the above
be signficantly happier
have more positive personality traits
83
Moreland and Beach conducted a/n
field experiment
observational study
Interviews
Laboratory Experiment
84
What part of the brain is activated when people see of think of other people
Amygdala
Medial prefrontal cortex
Hippocampus
Insula
85
What is NOT a threat in Integrated Threat Theory
Symbolic Threat
Intergroup Anxiety
Imagined Threat
Realistic Threat
86
Rogers and Frantz (1961) aim:
to see the attitudes of white settlers towards local Africans...
to study people eating chicken
To examine gender role enculturation because of parenting and toy selection
aim was to determine the origins of the culture-bound syndrome.
87
Social Loafing is described as:
All the work in the group being done by one person
The increase of productivity while working in a group
Chilling on a sofa with your best friends
the decrease of productivity while working in a group
88
Collins & Miller (1994): What was the procedure?
Experiment
Meta-Analysis of 94 studies
Questionnaire
Survey
89
2. Which theory was central to Croucher's study?
Integrated Threat Theory (ITT)
Social Battery
Realistic Conflict Theory
Social Identity Theory
90
Stratified sampling...
Is decided by a fixed system
Selects the most readily available participants
Ensures that everybody has an equal chance of selection
Randomly selects people from sub-divisions of the target population
