AP EXAM Review U3/4/5 Gov G

Favoring free enterprise, private ownership, socially traditional ideas. Limited government insures order, competition

Election in which voters decide which candidates will actually fill elective public offices

Typically freedom to do something, usually to exercise a right (think Bill of Rights)

Prevents arbitrary govt. decisions to avoid mistaken or abusive taking of life, liberty, or property from individual's

Basing voting decisions on well-informed opinion and consideration of the past choices and actions of a given candidate

Conducted by campaigns as a race for office begins. Provide basis for comparison for later polls-gauge likelihood to win

Nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election

A tax that takes a higher share of low incomes than higher incomes

Nonverbal communication, such as burning a flag or wearing an armband.

Evidence that the government finds or takes in violation of the 4th amendment can be excluded from trial

Policies which Congress has obligated itself to pay X level of benefits to Y number of recipients; ex: social security

The legal right to vote

minimum interest rate set by the Federal Reserve for lending to other banks

A shift in electoral support to the candidate whom public opinion polls report as the front-runner

Administered as a precondition for voting, often used to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote

Randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects -data speaks for general public in research

Changed the legal voting age from 21 to 18

Economic system in which govt takes a laissez-faire approach to the economy & business, providing minimal interference

Clause in the First Amendment that says the government may not establish an official religion

Outlawed the use of poll taxes in state and federal elections

Federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age or older

Federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them

A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation

the degree to which an issue is important to a particular individual or group

The coherent set of values and beliefs about the purpose and scope of government held by groups and individuals

states scheduling their primaries and caucuses earlier and earlier to boost their political clout

Unlimited donations from corp., indiv., unions given to politically active nonprofits. Not required to disclose donors

Principle that law applies to everyone, even those who govern

Gov't censorship of info before it is published or broadcasted; has generally been declared unconstitutionally by the SC

Clause in 14th amendment that forbids any state to deny a person within its jurisdiction the same treatment of the law

Determining whether a law is fair or if the law violates constitutional protections

Economic theory that growth is most effective by lowering taxes, decreasing regulation, & allowing free trade.

This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the govt power to enforce laws

State in which no single candidate or party has overwhelming support in securing that state's electoral college votes

Amendment that focused on persons not being denied on the "account of sex". Was first introduced in 1923, passed in 1972

A tax system that has tiered tax rates that charge higher income individuals higher percentages of their income.

Set of actions taken by the central bank to control the money supply by raising or lowering interest rates

A unit into which cities are often divided for the election of city council members

Liberal on economic issues and conservative on social ones. More likely to be older, low income, poorly educated, etc.

Survey performed over time, asking same or similar questions to same group of people to check/measure changes in opinion

A general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money

Economic theory that the govt should increase govt expenditures & lower taxes to stimulate demand

People born between 1946-1964. Born during an era of economic prosperity. Conservative leaning

A statement in a paper, magazine, radio or television, that expresses the opinion of editors or owners on a subject

Formed by current or former elected official. Can collect from general public; can donate directly to candidates. Limits

The role played by the national media in investigating political personalities and exposing scandal

The process by which people gain their political attitudes and opinions

Higher Education Act prohibits gender discrimination in educational activities at any institution receiving fed funds

Procedure whereby voters can remove an elected (state level) official from office before the end of the term

Tightened reporting requirements and limited candidates' expenditures

An independent govt agency that regulates interstate & international communications by radio, television, wire, cable...

Money raised in unlimited amounts by political parties for party-building purposes. Now largely illegal. Some exceptions

Basing voting decisions on what is in one's best interest, weighing the costs and benefits of possible alternatives

A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president

A polling technique in which the questions are designed to shape the respondent's opinion