wat does "cognitive dissonance" refer to in criminal investigations

The discomfort of holding conflicting beliefs and actions

describe the 2nd step in the Reid Technique

develop psych themes-creating non/emotional themes to manipulate suspect

wat is the effect of "retrieval inhibition" on memory recall

it inhibits the recall of other details when focusing on specific ones

what are the characteristics of non-emotional interrogation themes used in the Reid Technique

logical reasoning n catching the suspect in lies

describe the 9th step in the Reid Technique

written statement-ensuring the suspects confession is documented in writing

describe the 5th step in the Reid technique

keep focus-keeping sus attention on interrogation to avoid delays

What does the “memory trace” refer to

info is put into the brain, stored, n can get worse over time due to errors

wat r the 5 factors for evaling the accuracy of eyewitness testimony

chance to view, attention, prev descript accuracy, certainty, n time elapse

describe the 1st step in the Reid Tech.

direct confrontation - confront suspect w their guilt

What is the primary focus of geographic profiling

Analyzing crime scene locations to determine the offender's residence/work

is acknowledged as a pioneer in IDing psych aspects in legal topics

describe the 8th step in the Reid technique

recount details- after confess prompt sus to give detailed acct of crime

wat is the key ft if a double blind lineup

The administrator and witness are unaware of who the suspect is

wat r 5 essential skills for a forensic psychologist

Empathy, comm. skills, attention 2 detail, objectivity, analytical thinking

which factors can influence the accuracy of eyewitness recall?

Stress, weapon focus, and cross racial ID

which of the following statements best describes "liar stereotypes"

beliefs abt specific body lang. cues tht r incorrectly thought to show lies

What is the main purpose of conducting an interview in the legal context

To gather information from individuals with relevant knowledge

Which factors can interfere with the accuracy of eyewitness testimony?

poor view, stress, suggestive queing, prev. expectations n influence LE

wat is the purpose of a psych autopsy

to analyze the psych. state of a deceased person before death

What is the main focus of the Reid Technique’s step of “Develop Psychological Themes"

create emotional or non-emotional themes to manipulate the suspect

Which of the following describes “instrumental coerced” false confessions

external pressure causes them to confess even tho know they r innocent

wat does a "signature" reveal abt a crime

the offenders personality n emotional needs

describe the 3rd step in the Reid Technique

interrupt statements of denial-shutting dwn attempts to deny involvement

describe the 1 stage of memory

encoding - gathering n informing info for memory

What is “confirmation bias”?

The tendency to interpret info in a way that confirms ones prev. beliefs

describe the 3rd stage in memory

retrieval - accessing n pulling out stored info

What are the characteristics of emotional interrogation themes in the Reid Technique?

Empathy and moral justification

Loftus introduced the "misinformation effect" what does it mean

Post-event info can alter n distort memories, leading to inaccurate recall

wat r the guidelines for conducting an eyewitness ID properly?

use double blind procedures, provide clear instructions, n record process

what is the primary goal of criminal profiling

narrow down possible suspects n predict where n when next crime may occur

What are “system variables” in the context of eyewitness testimony

Factors that can be controlled by the justice system

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Forensic Psych. - 2024

71 termsStudBud Administration15 plays

ch. 1-4 exam

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Questions 71

Answers

1
wat does "cognitive dissonance" refer to in criminal investigations
The psychological impact of a crime on the victim
The tendency to recall details inaccurately under stress
The error rate of polygraph tests
The discomfort of holding conflicting beliefs and actions
2
describe the 2nd step in the Reid Technique
develop psych themes-creating non/emotional themes to manipulate suspect
overcome objections to charges - refuse to entertain their objections
present less serious alt explanations-alt explanations to encourage confess
show symp n understanding - coax the sus into telling the truth
3
wat is the effect of "retrieval inhibition" on memory recall
it improves recall of details
it has no effect on memory recall
it inhibits the recall of other details when focusing on specific ones
it enhances the accuracy of eyewitness testimonies
4
is less likely to b psychotic n r motivated by a desire to kill ppl they regard as evil or unworthy
philosopher
mission oriented
power oriented
organized
5
what are the characteristics of non-emotional interrogation themes used in the Reid Technique
sympathy and understanding
logical reasoning n catching the suspect in lies
presenting alt explanations
empathy and moral justicfication
6
describe the 9th step in the Reid Technique
recount details- after confess prompt sus to give detailed acct of crime
show symp n understanding - coax the sus into telling the truth
written statement-ensuring the suspects confession is documented in writing
present less serious alt explanations-alt explanations to encourage confess
7
describe the 5th step in the Reid technique
show symp n understanding - coax the sus into telling the truth
keep focus-keeping sus attention on interrogation to avoid delays
Overcome objections to the charges-refuse to entertain suspects objections
develop psych themes-emotion or non emotional themes to manipulate suspect
8
What does the “memory trace” refer to
info is put into the brain, stored, n can get worse over time due to errors
The storage of emotional experiences
The encoding of new memories
The mental process of retrieving stored information
9
which step in the Reid Tech. involves confronting the suspect with their guilt
step 7
step 2
step 3
step 1
10
Which type of false confession involves a suspect confessing to a crime they didnt commit due to mental illness/delusion
Authentic Coerced
Authentic Voluntary
Instrumental Voluntary
Instrumental Coerced
11
wat r the 5 factors for evaling the accuracy of eyewitness testimony
belief lvl, prev convictions, witness age, interview style, n lineup form
None of the above
chance to view, attention, prev descript accuracy, certainty, n time elapse
Stress, visibility, suggestiveness, focus, and racial identification
12
describe the 1st step in the Reid Tech.
ensure suspect stays focused - keeping attention on interrogation
direct confrontation - confront suspect w their guilt
develop psych themes-emotion or non emotional themes to manipulate suspect
show symp n understanding-coax the sus into telling the truth
13
What is the primary focus of geographic profiling
Profiling the emotional state of the victim
Analyzing crime scene locations to determine the offender's residence/work
Evaluating eyewitness accuracy
Analyzing psychological traits of offenders
14
What are the pre-lineup instructions given to witnesses?
witnesses can say "don’t know," & the investigation continues.
A & B
Admin is unaware of the suspect & culprit may not be there
Focus only on suspects matching the description
15
Hugo Munsterberg
The development of polygraph technology
is acknowledged as a pioneer in IDing psych aspects in legal topics
The creation of the Reid technique
The reliability of eyewitness testimony
16
wat type of line up presents all suspects at once for relative judgements
double blind lineup
cognitive lineup
sequential lineup
simultaneous lineup
17
describe the 8th step in the Reid technique
recount details- after confess prompt sus to give detailed acct of crime
direct confrontation - confront suspect w their guilt
develop psych themes-creating non/emotional themes to manipulate suspect
show symp n understanding - coax the sus into telling the truth
18
Researcher made improvements on Larson's design by adding a galvanometer to measure perspiration
Leonarde Keeler
John Larson
William Stern
Caesar Lombroso
19
wat is the key ft if a double blind lineup
The suspect is hidden from the witness
Both the administrator and witness know who the suspect is
Only the administrator knows who the suspect is
The administrator and witness are unaware of who the suspect is
20
wat r 5 essential skills for a forensic psychologist
Technical skills, research skills, empathy, attention to detail, patience
comm. skills, attention 2 detail, analytical thinking, creative, flexible
Empathy, comm. skills, attention 2 detail, objectivity, analytical thinking
Objectivity, legal knowledge, empathy, patience, technical skills
21
which factors can influence the accuracy of eyewitness recall?
memory trace and retrieval inhibition
cognitive load n confirmation basis
Geographic n cognitive dissonance
Stress, weapon focus, and cross racial ID
22
which of the following statements best describes "liar stereotypes"
beliefs abt specific body lang. cues tht r incorrectly thought to show lies
Legal procedures for handling false confessions
Accurate indicators of deception based on research
Methods for improving eyewitness accuracy
23
which researcher demoed tht confidence n eyewitness testimony dont always correlate w accuracy
elizabeth loftus
William Stern
James Cattel
Hugo Munsterberg
24
Tend to overemph. personal characteristics n underestimated situational factors when explaining someone elses behavior
confirmation bias
cognitive dissonance
retrieval inhibition
fundamental attribution error
25
What is the main purpose of conducting an interview in the legal context
To analyze the crime scene
To assess the psychological state of a witness
To obtain a confession from a suspect
To gather information from individuals with relevant knowledge
26
Which of the following researchers developed the Stanford-Binet IQ test?
John Larson
Leonarde Keeler
Lewis Terman
Caesar Lombroso
27
which type of serial killer is motivated by a desire to kill ppl they regard as evil or unworthy?
power oriented
visionary
mission oriented
hedonistic
28
Which factors can interfere with the accuracy of eyewitness testimony?
strong memory, low stress, suggestive queing, prev. expectations, n LE
poor view, stress, suggestive queing, prev. expectations n influence LE
good view, stress, suggestive queing, prev. expectations, n influence LE
high confidence, accurate memory, neutral queing, no LE
29
wat is the purpose of a psych autopsy
to analyze the psych. state of a deceased person before death
to assess the accuracy of a confession
to profile an offender based on crime scene evidence
to conduct an eyewitness ID
30
What is the main focus of the Reid Technique’s step of “Develop Psychological Themes"
To document the suspect's confession in writing
To keep the suspect focused on the interrogation
create emotional or non-emotional themes to manipulate the suspect
To offer less severe alternative explanations for the crime
31
Which of the following is a characteristic of disorganized killers
Methodical and socially competent
Chaotic and impulsive
Organized and methodical
Planned and controlled
32
Which of the following describes “instrumental coerced” false confessions
confess to crime didnt commit bc they r tired
confesses w out external pressure, often do to mental illness
external pressure causes them to confess even tho know they r innocent
they start to believe they did the crime even tho they didnt
33
wat does a "signature" reveal abt a crime
the method of operation
the offenders personality n emotional needs
the physical characteristics of the crime
the timeline of the crime
34
what are the 3 stages of memory
input, processing, output
encoding, storage, retrieval
attention, consolidation, recall
perception, encoding, retrieval
35
describe the 3rd step in the Reid Technique
Overcome objections to the charges-refuse to entertain suspects objections
recount details- after confess prompt sus to give detailed acct of crime
interrupt statements of denial-shutting dwn attempts to deny involvement
present less serious alt explanations-alt explanations to encourage confess
36
Which of the following researchers is credited with developing the first modern polygraph
Leonarde Keeler
Hugo Munsterberg
John Larson
Caesar Lombroso
37
describe the 1 stage of memory
retrieval - accessing n pulling out stored info
show symp n understanding - coax the sus into telling the truth
encoding - gathering n informing info for memory
develop psych themes-creating non/emotional themes to manipulate suspect
38
What is “confirmation bias”?
The ability to remember details accurately
The tendency to seek out information that contradicts one’s beliefs
The tendency to interpret info in a way that confirms ones prev. beliefs
The process of reducing emotional impact on witnesses
39
considered 1 of the early pioneers of lie detection, whose experiments laid the groundwork for future poly. development
Leonarde Keeler
Hugo Munsterberg
James Cattel
Cesare Lombroso
40
killer seeks control and satisfaction from victim domination
psychologist
mission oriented
power oriented
visionary
41
What are the “three stages of memory”?
Encoding, Processing, Recalling
Storing, Recalling, Forgetting
Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
Encoding, Memory Trace, Retrieval
42
describe the 3rd stage in memory
Processing - organizing and interpreting information
Encoding - gathering and informing info for memory
retrieval - accessing n pulling out stored info
Rehearsal - repeating info to enhance memory
43
which of the following is a characteristic of organized killers
spontaneous n chaotic
disorganized and chaotic
impulsive and socially incompetent
methodical n controlled
44
which concept involves IDing characteristics of an offender based on crime scene info?
criminal profiling
geographical profiling
psych autopsy
forensic psych
45
which term describes the mental effort required to process info affecting memory recall and decision-making
confirmation bias
retrieval inhibition
cognitive load
memory trace
46
What are the characteristics of emotional interrogation themes in the Reid Technique?
Confrontation and denial
Logical reasoning and catching the suspect in lies
Empathy and moral justification
Cognitive dissonance and memory recall
47
Loftus introduced the "misinformation effect" what does it mean
Memories can become more accurate when witnesses receive post-event infor
it enhances the reliability of eyewitness testimony
Memories are not influenced by external information after the event occurs
Post-event info can alter n distort memories, leading to inaccurate recall
48
wat r the guidelines for conducting an eyewitness ID properly?
have the lineup admin know the suspect's ID
avoid recording the witness's confidence statement
tell the witness the suspect is present in the lineup
use double blind procedures, provide clear instructions, n record process
49
what is the primary goal of criminal profiling
narrow down possible suspects n predict where n when next crime may occur
to reconstruct the crime scene
to develop psych themes for interrogation
to determine the exact time of the crime
50
which researcher is known for studying how memories can b distorted by suggestion n misinfo
James Cattel
Elizabeth Loftus
Hugo Munsterberg
William stern
51
What are “system variables” in the context of eyewitness testimony
Factors that can be controlled by the justice system
Factors outside the control of the legal system
Techniques used by criminals
Psychological characteristics of witnesses
52
Which type of serial killer takes sadistic sexual pleasure in torturing their victims
Power-Oriented
Mission-Oriented
Hedonistic
Visionary
53
describe the 4th step in the Reid technique
written statement-ensuring the suspects confession is documented in writing
direct confrontation - confront suspect w their guilt
Overcome objections to the charges-refuse to entertain suspects objections
interrupt statements of denial-shutting dwn attempts to deny involvement
54
What is the first step in the Reid Technique
develop psych themes
direct confrontation
interrupt denials
obtain a written statement
55
wat is the purpose of an interrogation
to get a confession from a suspect believed to have done the crime
to review the case evidence
to gather info from witnesses
to analyze the crime scene
56
wat is the purpose of prelineup instructions
to discuss the case w the witness before the lineup
to provide details abt the suspects appearance
to ensure the suspect knows the lineup procedure
to inform the witness tht the culprit may not b present n they can say IDK
57
Describe some of the psych. n behavioral characteristics of serial killers
brain injuries, childhood abuse, animal cruelty, white males, etc.
non-violent, no mental instability, avoid weapons
perfect social skills, no abuse, methodical, wide demographic targets
high intelligence, no trauma history, prefer long range weapons, rando vics
58
wat is the "method of operation" (MO) in criminal profiling?
the physical evidence left at the crime scene
the emotional state of the vic
the techniques and procedures used to commit the crime
the psych motives behind a crime
59
wat r the 4 types of false confessions
Involuntary/voluntary coerced & authentic involuntary/voluntary
Coerced voluntary/ involuntary & authentic voluntary/coerced
instrumental coerced/voluntary & authentic coerced/voluntary
Instrumental involuntary/coerced & voluntary/authentic coerced
60
describe the 2nd stage in memory
recount details- after confess prompt sus to give detailed acct of crime
storage - maintaining info over time
develop psych themes-creating non/emotional themes to manipulate suspect
retrieval - accessing n pulling out stored info
61
Which term describes the tendency to search for, interpret, n remember information that confirms one's prev. hypotheses
Cognitive Dissonance
Fundamental Attribution Error
Retrieval Inhibition
Confirmation Bias
62
wat is the primary critique of the 4 types of serial killers?
most serial killers dont fit neatly into these categories n traits overlap
they are too detailed n complex
they ignore the psych background of the offenders
they r outdated n no longer used in modern profiling
63
which step in the Reid Tech. involves presenting alt explanations to encourage a confession
step 7
step 2
step 1
step 9
64
describe the 7th step in the Reid Technique
develop psych themes-emotion or non emotional themes to manipulate suspect
written statement-ensuring the suspects confession is documented in writing
present less serious alt explanations-alt explanations to encourage confess
show symp n understanding - coax the sus into telling the truth
65
kill for the thrill n takes sadistic sexual pleasure in torturing their victims
visionary
hedonistic
evangelist
mission-oriented
66
what field applies psych. principles to the legal system, including assessing indivs in legal cases
developmental psych
clinical psych
cognitive psych
forensic psych
67
r usually psychotic; they have visions or believe they hear voices from God/spirits telling them to kill certain ppl
mission-oriented
visionary
hedonistic
evangelist
68
What is the main critique of hypnosis in legal settings
confesses after prolonged and intense interrogation, despite being innocent
may lead to false memories and increased confidence in inaccurate details
The physical and mental representation of information in the brain
To create emotional or non-emotional themes to manipulate the suspect
69
describe the 6th step in the Reid Technique
show symp n understanding - coax the sus into telling the truth
develop psych themes-emotion or non emotional themes to manipulate suspect
present less serious alt explanations-alt explanations to encourage confess
written statement-ensuring the suspects confession is documented in writing
70
wat term refers to factors outside the control of the legal system tht affect eyewitness testimony?
estimator variables
retrieval inhibition
system variables
cognitive load
71
which technique involves showing suspects one at a time to reduce comparison bias
Double-Blind Lineup
Sequential Lineup
Simultaneous Lineup
Cognitive Lineup

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