How does a buffer help a solution maintain pH?

A buffer forms both cations and anions to counteract acids.

Provides protection regulates temperature prevents water loss

a small structure within a cell.

Normal pH for blood is 7.35 to 7.45. Maintenance of this pH range is:

critical because enzymes work best within narrow ranges of pH.

Which of the following is most consistent with homeostasis?

Insulin increases to lower elevated blood glucose.

Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat

Which function of proteins is NOT correctly matched with the example?

Protection – packing around organs and glands

Why is it hard to separate two glass sheets with water between them?

Water's cohesive property holds the sheets together.

Match the body planes with the correct letter.

A: Frontal Plane B: Sagittal Plane C: Transverse Plane

is determined by the concentration of H+ in a solution.

a substance that conducts electricity when placed in solution.

Cations and anions that dissociate in water are sometimes called

electrolytes because they can conduct an electrical current.

Which of the following is NOT true of enzymes?

One enzyme can have many reactions.

Solution A has a pH of 10, & solution B has a pH of 2. Which of the following statements about these solutions is true?

Solution B has a higher H+ concentration than solution A.

If the thoracic cavity is cut along the midsagittal plane, which description is accurate?

Right half: 1 lung; left half: lung and most of heart

Match the letter with the correct body cavity and structure

A: Mediastinum B: Diaphragm C: Thoracic Cav. D: Abdominal Cav E: Pelvic Cav

Hydrogen bonds are important for all of the following except

helping atoms give up or receive electrons.

Enzymes are proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions by

decreasing the activation energy of the reaction.

Which of the following statements best describes RNA?

RNA is a single-stranded molecule.

Which of the following factors will influence the rate of chemical reactions?

All of these factors will influence the rate of chemical reactions

resist drastic changes in the pH of the solutions.

Removes waste products and produce urine

serves as the energy currency of the cell.

The primary structure of a protein is

the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.

major nutrient for most body cells.

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A&P Chapter 1 & 2 Study Guide Questions

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Answers

1
How does a buffer help a solution maintain pH?
A buffer forms both cations and anions to counteract acids.
A buffer releases acid to maintain proper pH.
A buffer can act as a base in acidic pH and as an acid when needed.
A buffer releases a base to neutralize an acid.
2
Integumentary System
Provides protection and support
Provides protection regulates temperature prevents water loss
Defense mchanism combats disease
Removes waste products and produce urine
3
Use water produce energy
Glucose
Anabolism reaction
Phospholipds
Catabolism Reaction
4
Scientists believe changes in the microbiome of the integumentary system may increase susceptibility autoimmune diseases
False
True
5
In an oxidation-reduction reaction, ________ are transferred between molecules.
electrons
charges
protons
neutrons
6
An organic molecule consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur; the molecule is probably
carbon dioxide.
a phospholipid.
an amino acid.
triglyceride (fat).
7
An Organelle is
a small structure within a cell.
a structure composed of several tissue types
a group of cells with similar structure and function.
the basic structural unit of all living organisms.
8
What happens to the carbon atoms in Sandy's cookie after ingestion?
Stored in bones for later use.
Combine with hydrogen ions to buffer stomach acids.
Released as CO2 and exhaled.
Released as CO2 and excreted in urine.
9
Normal pH for blood is 7.35 to 7.45. Maintenance of this pH range is:
called denaturation.
not critical because extreme pH values do not affect enzyme function.
None of the choices are correct.
critical because enzymes work best within narrow ranges of pH.
10
Which of the following is most consistent with homeostasis?
Blood flow decreases as blood pressure falls.
Insulin increases to lower elevated blood glucose.
None of the Above
Drinking water increases urine volume.
Blood vessels thin as blood pressure rises.
Blood vessels dilate as body temperature drops.
11
Muscle System
Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat
A major regulatory system that influence metabolism, growth, reproduction
Defense mechanism combats disease
Removes waste products and produce urine
12
The feedback mechanism that processes inflammation relates to other information & decides of action is the receptor
True
False
13
A researcher discovered a receptor detecting low oxygen levels. According to negative feedback, which response occurs?
An increase in physical activity
Increase in respiratory rate
Unconsciousness
A decrease in heart rate
14
Which function of proteins is NOT correctly matched with the example?
Protection – packing around organs and glands
Structure – collagen and keratin
Regulation – enzymes and hormones
Protein - Cell around molecules
Transport – hemoglobin
Contraction – actin and myosin in muscles
15
Which molecule is produced as a waste product of glucose metabolism by cells?
Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Water
16
Why is it hard to separate two glass sheets with water between them?
Water's adhesive property holds the sheets together.
Water's cohesive property holds the sheets together.
Glass's nonpolar bonds attract water's polar bonds.
None of these
17
If blood Na+ levels decrease, which effect would aldosterone most likely have?
Decrease K+ excretion
Increase Na+ reabsorption
Decrease Na+ reabsorption
Increase K+ excretion
18
To which of the following organic groups does hemoglobin belong?
Protein
Carbohydrate
Nucleic Acid
Lipid
19
Match the body planes with the correct letter.
A: Transverse Plane B: Sagittal Plane C: Frontal Plane
A: Sagittal Plane B: Frontal Plane C: Transverse Plane
A: Frontal Plan B: Transverse Plane C: Sagittal Plane
A: Frontal Plane B: Sagittal Plane C: Transverse Plane
20
Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates in the body?
Structural component of DNA
Bulk in feces
Protection
Energy
21
Which of these molecules is hydrophobic?
Protein
Glucose
Cholesterol
Disaccharide
22
The pH values
is determined by the concentration of H+ in a solution.
decreases with alkalinity.
is measured on a scale from 0 to 10.
increases with acidity.
23
The three forms of matter are.
solids, liquids, and gases
vapor, water, and solid.
air, water, and solids
blood, bone, air
24
Arrange the following from largest to smallest: (1) Nucleus (2) DNA molecule (3) Skin cell (4) Chicken eggs
1, 2, 3, 4
1, 3, 2, 4
3, 4, 2, 1
4, 3, 1, 2
2, 3, 1, 4
4, 2, 3, 1
25
An electrolyte is
a negatively charged ion.
a positively charged ion.
a combination of atoms held together by chemical bonds.
a substance that conducts electricity when placed in solution.
26
Cations and anions that dissociate in water are sometimes called
molecules and electrolytes
None of the above
electrolytes because they can conduct an electrical current.
nonelectrolytes and solutes.
molecules.
nonelectrolytes because they do not conduct an electrical current.
27
An investigator studying how pH affects enzyme function in digestion is most likely a/an ________.
Anatomic
Physiologist
Histologist
Engineer
28
Which of the following is NOT true of enzymes?
A slight change in shape can affect function.
They are catalysts that increase the rate of a reaction.
The active site has a specific shape to match the reactant(s).
One enzyme can have many reactions.
29
Solution A has a pH of 10, & solution B has a pH of 2. Which of the following statements about these solutions is true?
Solution A and solution B are both basic.
Solution A has a higher H+ concentration than solution B.
Solution A is acidic and basic
Solution B has a higher H+ concentration than solution A.
30
If the thoracic cavity is cut along the midsagittal plane, which description is accurate?
Inferior half: heart and lungs; superior: lungs and thymus
Anterior half: lungs and heart; posterior: spinal cord
Medial and lateral halves, each containing a lung
Right half: 1 lung; left half: lung and most of heart
31
Match the letter with the correct body cavity and structure
A: Pelvic B: Diaphragm C: Thoracic D: Abdominal E: Mediastinum
A: Diaphragm B: Mediastinum C: Abdominal D: Pelvic E: Thoracic
A: Thoracic B: Abdominal C: Mediastinum D: Diaphrahm E: Pelvic
A: Mediastinum B: Diaphragm C: Thoracic Cav. D: Abdominal Cav E: Pelvic Cav
32
Hydrogen bonds are important for all of the following except
producing surface tension in water.
helping hold DNA strands together.
helping hold a protein structure together.
helping atoms give up or receive electrons.
33
Enzymes are proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions by
decreasing the activation energy of the reaction.
increasing the activation energy of the reaction.
adjusting the temperature of the reaction.
increasing the concentration of the reactants
34
A decrease in respiration rate increases CO₂ in the blood. What happens to H+?
H+ will decrease.
H+ will increase.
H+ will be changed in someway
H+ will be unchanged.
35
A cut along which plane would result in the anterior perspective of the body appearing normal, with no evident cuts?
Midsagittal
Parasigittal
Frontal
Transverse
36
Which of the following statements best describes RNA?
RNA contains the base thymine.
RNA is a double helix.
RNA is a single-stranded molecule.
RNA is found inside a cell
RNA is found outside a cell.
RNA molecules are antiparallel.
37
Blood contains NaCl, protein, and cells. The NaCl is in a/an __, the protein is in a/an __, and the cells are in a __.
solution; suspension; solvent
solution; colloid; suspension
emulsion; solution; suspension
suspension; colloid; solution
colloid; suspension; solution
solvent; emulsion; colloid
38
Solubility refers to the ability of one substance to ________ in another.
precipate
conduct
react
dissolve
39
An Enzyme
increases the activation energy needed in a chemical reaction.
is a protein catalyst.
is permanently changed in a chemical reaction.
has a two-dimensional shape.
40
CT scan allow for a three dimensional image to be generated? True or False
True
False
41
Which of the following factors will influence the rate of chemical reactions?
Concentration of reactants
Temperature
None of these factors will influence the rate of chemical reactions
All of these factors will influence the rate of chemical reactions
Presence of catalysts
Presence of enzymes
42
A buffer will
resist drastic changes in the pH of the solutions.
have no effect on the pH of the solutions.
make a solution more acidic.
make a solution more basic.
43
Urinary System
Removes waste products and produce urine
Provides protection and support
Defense mechanism combats disease
A major regulatory system that influence metabolism, growth, reproduction
44
What RNA sequence is made from the gene: GAACTAAGC?
CTTGATTCG
GUUCTUUGC
CUUGAUUCG
GAACUAAGC
45
Positive feedback mechanisms are less common in healthy individuals than negative feedback mechanisms.
False
True
46
If the esophagus is cut from superior to inferior, it's a ________ section.
longitudinal
cross
oblique
transverse
47
ATP
can store but cannot release energy in the cell.
serves as the energy currency of the cell.
stores transfer DNA
is a sugar found in transfer RNA.
is a nucleotide found in DNA.
stores genetic information.
48
Identify the feedback in the following graph and explain your answer.
Negative Feedback
Dynamic Equilibrium
Homeostasis
Positive Feedback
49
The primary structure of a protein is
the hydrogen bonds between amino acids.
the folded, helical nature of the molecule.
the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.
represented by multiple polypeptide chains.
50
Phospholipids are important components of the plasma membrane. What does "A" represent on the diagram?
Hydrogen bonds
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Polar (hydrophilic) region
Nonpolar (hydrophobic) region
Oxygen
51
Glucose is the
storage of carbohydrates in animals.
major nutrient for most body cells.
storage carbohydrates in plants.
nondigestible plant polysaccharide.
52
To which of the following organic groups does DNA belong?
Protein
Nucleic Acid
Lipid
Vitamin
53
Components of the Cell Membrane
Glucose
Catabolism
Phospholipds
Anabolism reaction
54
Which of the following nitrogen bases is found in RNA but not DNA?
Cytosine
Adenine
Thymine
Uracil
55
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
Organism is any living thing, from one cell (bacteria) to trillions (human)
All are True
Living things are organized disruption can lead 2 loss of function & death
None are True
Coordinated activity of the organ systems is necessary for normal function
Dysfunction in one system affects others
56
Metabolic water is produced during cellular metabolism. Which reactions are key for its production?
Hydrolysis reactions
Reversible reactions
Dehydration reactions
Catabolic reactions
57
During labor, oxytocin triggers stronger contractions. This is an example of ________.
Negative Feedback
Set Point Adjustment
Positive Feedback
Dyanamic Equlibrium
58
An example of a fat-soluble vitamin is
vitamin B.
vitamin H.
vitamin D.
vitamin C.
59
Hyperventilation causes the loss of large amounts of CO2 from the body, decreasing the amount of H+ in the solution.
the pH of body fluids will not be affected.
the pH of body fluids will fall.
the pH of body fluids will rise.
the pH of body fluids will become neutral.
60
True or False? The term mass describes the material that makes up all living and nonliving. things.
True
False
61
Nervous System
A major regulatory system that influence metabolism, growth, reproduction
Defense mechanism combats disease
A major regulatory system coordination control of the other systems
Provides protection and support
62
An organic molecule such as a vitamin that makes an enzyme functional is called a/an ________.
coenzyme
buffer
catalyst
coactivator
63
Directional terms are important in the study of anatomy. Match the letter with the correct directional terms
A: Right B: Left C: Lateral D: Median E: Inferior
A:Left B: Right C: Lateral D: Median E: Inferior
A: Right B: Left C: Median D: Lateral E: Inferior
A: Left B: Right C: Lateral D: Median E: Inferior
64
Which of the following terms encompasses all of the other ones?
Oxidation reactions
Metabolism
Anabolism
Catabolism
65
Which of the following is an organic compound?
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Sucrose (C12H22O11)
Salt (NaCl)
Water (H2O)
66
The energy stored in ATP is a form of ________ energy.
heat
kinetic
chemical
mechanical
67
DNA
contains the sugar deoxyribose.
must travel to ribosomes to function
is a single-stranded molecule.
is one of several amino acids.
assembles amino acids to make proteins.
Is a double stranded molecule.
68
To which of the following organic groups does lactose belong?
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Vitamin
Nucleic Acid
69
Which of the following statements correctly describes ATP?
Stores and releases energy in the cell
Is associated with anabolism and catabolism
Can be synthesized from ADP
Answer Not Listed
All of the choices are correct.
Is associated with a reversible reaction
70
In the following reaction, what is/are the product(s)? CO2 + H2O ---> H2CO3
H2O and H2CO3
CO2 and H2CO3
CO2 and H2O
H2CO3
71
Which of the following is the correct sequence from smallest to largest?
Amino acid, cell, protein, atom
Protein, cell, amino acid, atom
Amino acid, atom, cell, protein
Cell, protein, amino acid, atom
Atom, amino acid, protein, cell
Cell, Atom, Amino acid, protein
72
Most enzymes are ________.
nucleic acids
lipids
carbohydrates
proteins
73
Microscopic examination of a frozen tissue specimen is an application of which of the following disciplines?
Rediology
Histology
Gross Anatomy
Physiology
74
Anatomy is
a branch of physiology
the study of homeostasis
the study of structure
the study or living organisms
75
Inorganic Compound
Glucose
Do not have a carbon as a part of the structure
Catabolism
Phosolipids
76
Which statement accurately describes cellular physiology in digestion?
Cardiac muscle moves blood through vessels.
The epidermis has multiple layers of cells.
Hepatocytes produce bile for lipid breakdown.
Hemocytoblasts are in the red bone marrow.
77
Which of the following is a synthesis reaction?
Sodium chloride is dissolved in water.
ATP is converted to ADP.
Two amino acids are bonded together to form a dipeptide.
Sucrose separates into glucose and fructose.
78
An anatomical image created from sound waves is a/an ________.
radiograph
MRI
CT Scan
Sonogram
79
When is parathyroid hormone released to increase calcium levels under negative feedback?
Parathyroid hormone secretion occurs when blood calcium levels are too low
Parathyroid hormone secretion increases in morning & decreases in afternoon
Parathyroid hormone secretion occurs when blood calcium levels are too high
Parathyroid secretion is constant to maintain blood calcium levels
80
Endocrine System
A major regulatory system that influence metabolism, growth, reproduction
Provides protection and support
Defense mechanism combats disease
Digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste.
81
Which of the following is consistent with homeostasis?
As blood pressure falls, blood flow to the heart decreases.
Decreases in blood pressure cause a corresponding decrease in heart rate.
Elevated blood glucose levels cause insulin secretion to decline.
Drinking water decreases urine output to raise blood volume.
As body temperature rises, sweating occurs to cool the body.
None of the Above
82
Platelets adhere to a damaged vessel, secrete substances, and adhere again. This is an example of ________.
Positive feedback
Homeostasis
Dynamic Equilibrium
Negative Feedback
83
The change in bone marrow size as an infant matures is an example of ________ while stem cell transformation is ________
Growth; development
Development; differentiation
Differentiation; development
Differentiation; growth
Differemtiation; Growth; Development
Growth; differentiation
84
Sam adjusts solution A to increase its acidity. This means that the
The number of hydrogen ions in the solution has increased
The number of hydrogen ions in the solution has decreased.
solution is closer to neutrality.
the pH of the solution has increased.
85
Which of the following lists examples of body structures from the simplest to the most complex?
Protein, adipocyte (fat cell), stomach, connective tissue, mitochondrion
Mitochondrion, connective tissue, protein, stomach, adipocyte (fat cell)
Mitochondrion, connective tissue, stomach, protein, adipocyte (fat cell)
None of the above
Protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective tissue, stomach
Protein, stomach, connective tissue, adipocyte (fat cell), mitochondrion
86
To which of the following organic groups does a steroid belong?
Vitamin
Nucleic Acid
Lipid
Carbohydrate
87
Which of the following chemical reactions best represents the synthesis of ATP?
ADP + H20 → ATP
ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi + energy
ADP + ADP + ADP →ATP + energy
ADP + Pi + energy → ATP + H2O
ATP + ADP → ATP
ATP + energy → ADP + H2O
88
Which of the following best describes how holding your breath affects blood pH?
Decreases pH by increasing CO2 in blood.
ncreases pH by decreasing CO2 in blood.I
Decreases pH by decreasing CO2 in blood.
Increases pH by increasing CO2 in blood.
89
Some scientists suggest early antibiotic use may increase susceptibility to autoimmune diseases like Crohn's and asthma.
False
True
90
This figure illustrates changes in blood pressure when _________ feedback mechanisms are in control
Enzymes
Neither
Positive
Negative
91
The study of the body's organization by areas is ________.
regional anatomy
system anatomy
microbiology
molecular biology
92
Use energy to produce water
Phospholipds
Glucose
Anabolism reaction
Catabolism Reaction
93
Proteins
insulate and cushion the body
provide much of the structure of body cells and tissues.
are the body's source of immediate energy.
contain the genetic information of the cell.
94
Which of the following lists the components of a nucleotide?
Phosphate, sucrose, amino acid
Monosaccharide, nitrogenous base, sucrose
Phosphate, monosaccharide, nitrogenous base
Phosphate, lipid, nitrogenous base
95
Two solutions, A and B, have the same osmolality. What does that mean?
Solution A is pure water, and solution B is water and salt.
Solution B has more solute particles than solution A.
None of these choices are correct.
Both solutions have the same number of solute particles.
Solution A is water and sugar; solution B is water and salt.
Solution A has more solute particles than solution B.
96
A Cell is
a structure composed of several tissue types.
a group of organs with a common set of functions.
a small structure within a molecule.
the basic structural unit of living organisms.
97
Select the one organic substance found in the human body from the following list.
Calcium
Oxygen
Water
Glucose
98
The study of the structural features and functions of the cell is ________.
Molecular Biology
Microbiology
Histolgy
Cytology
99
Which of these has the highest H+ concentration?
Tomato juice, pH = 4.7
Lemon juice, pH = 2.3
Saliva, pH = 6.6
Red wine, pH = 3.2
100
Phospholipids are important components of the plasma membrane. What does "B" represent on the diagram?
Oxygen
Nonpolar (hydrophobic) region
Phosphorus
Nitrogen
Hydrogen bonds
Polar (hydrophilic) region
101
How does a buffer help a solution maintain pH?
A buffer releases a base to neutralize an acid.
A buffer can act as an acid or base to maintain pH.
A buffer releases acid to maintain proper pH.
A buffer forms both cations and anions to counteract acids.
102
A reaction is likely hydrolysis if the number of ________ is high.
oxygen molecules increased
Water molecules decreased
oxygen molecules decreased
water molecules increased
103
Which of the following is a nitrogen source for the body?
Glucose
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Water
104
Blood glucose rises after a meal, prompting insulin release. This is an example of ________.
Integration Control
Dyanic Equilibrium
Positive Feedback
Naegative Feedback
105
Source of Energy
Catabolism
Phosolipids
Glucose
Do not have a carbon as a part of the structure
106
Chemical reactions w/ the property of being able to proceed from reactants to products & from products to reactants are
decomposition
exchange
synthesis
reversible
107
Which organ system is the location of blood cell production?
Cardiovascular
Digestive
Nervous
Skeletal
108
The study of tissues is ________.
Cytology
Molecular Biology
Histology
Surface Anatomy
109
Both the spleen and the urinary bladder are contained within the pelvic cavity subdivision of the abdominopelvic cavity
False
True
110
Substance A ________ the H+ concentration; therefore, it is considered a/an ________.
increased base
decreased acid
decreased base
increased acid
111
Skeletal System
A major regulatory system that influence metabolism, growth, reproduction
Removes waste products and produce urine
Provides protection and support
Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat
112
If intracellular pH rises, certain ________ of proteins can ________ H+ to return pH to normal conditions.
nucleotides; donate
amino acids; donate
amino acids; accept
nucleotides; accept
113
The breakdown of glucose to yield carbon dioxide, oxygen, and ATP can be described as ________.
catabolic and endergonic
anabolic and endergonic
exergonic and endergonic
anabolic and exergonic
anabolic and exothermic
catabolic and exergonic
114
An Organ Is
the basic structural unit of all living organisms.
a structure composed of several tissue types
a group of molecules with a common set of functions.
a small structure within a cell.
115
Phospholipids
contain subunits called amino acids.
are water-soluble.
are found in plasma membranes.
are fat-soluble vitamins.
116
Which of the following would indicate dysfunction of the respiratory system?
All of the above
Change in blood pH
Increase in bloof glucose levels
Increased blood pressure
117
A construction worker was injured by a rod below umbilicus & into the lumbar region Which structure was likely damaged?
Urinary Bladder
Stomach
Kidney
Liver
118
The normal pH range for blood is 7.35 to 7.45. If blood pH falls below 7.35,
nothing happens as this is an acceptable deviation.
the number of red blood cells decreases.
an imbalance called alkalosis results.
an imbalance called acidosis results.

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