Which is accurate or true related to Mechanical weathering:

steep slopes, freezing/thawing, plants rooting, flowing water & Glaciers

Consider the Geologic Cross Section below. Which is true about the Unconformities in the figure?

Unconformity C is a Nonconformity

Which is accurate or true related to Sedimentary Facies?

individual grains, sedimentary structures, 3-D form, biological components

Using lithostratigraphic principles identify which of the dashed line represent a timeline or deposit that was deposited

Line "1" represents deposits forming at the same time of a "Timeline"

Cross-cutting relationships refer to features such as faults/volcanic bodies that cut through various strata. interpret?

relative age/relative sequence events of deposition and subsequent changes.

Which of the following lists is written in order of decreasing grain size?

Conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone

_________ represent _________ and allow you to interpret_______

Angular Unconform, break in underlying deposits, change in tectonic setting

Understanding how migrating ripples move laterally to form vertical sequences allow you to recognize such inversions by

migration of an active ripple on surface over a previously deposited ripple

Sedimentary bedforms in the nearshore (surfzone) are likely to be characterized by:

Complex mixtures of symmetrical and asymmetrical ripples

What is true based on image?

Explains sources of ocean salinity as soluble by-products moved to the sea.

How would you interpret the sea level history experienced at the eastern most core from oldest to present time.

Sea Level initial rose then dropped and finally rose to the present

Now interpret the relative sea level history for the western most site from the oldest time recorded to the present.

Sea level fell allowing coastal and territorial to expand west

Basalt cuts granite in old Rift Valley/ locally find broken pieces of granite from dike structures; infer

Continental mass pushed upwards and pulled apart, injecting basaltic magma

looking at question 10; large phaneritic crystals that can be seen are mixed with finer aphanitic rocks

phaneritic crystals cooled slowly at depths and then uplifted

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Questions 38

Answers

1
Which is accurate or true related to Mechanical weathering:
Occurs at constant rates around the world.
steep slopes, freezing/thawing, plants rooting, flowing water & Glaciers
Only occurs above sea level in areas such as mountainous regions.
Tends not to break up rocks such as granite into its component mineral
2
answer image
all the above
Changes in the deposition of carbonate plankton reflect change circulation
Changes in oxygen isotopic ration of plankton reflecting the fractionation
Changes organic content deepSea shows changes circulation/relative flushing
3
Consider the Geologic Cross Section below. Which is true about the Unconformities in the figure?
Unconformity E is a Disconformity
Unconformity C is a Paraconformity
Unconformity C is a Nonconformity
Unconformity E is a Nonconformity
4
Sediment cores in the deep sea reveal information about the world’s climate. Climate changes can be interpreted from:
Changes in the kinds of sediment
Presence of specific plankton species
Application of stratigraphic principles
All the of above
5
Which is accurate or true related to Sedimentary Facies?
All the above
allows one to interpret the precise age or time the deposit formed
expected to change over time under the principle of Uniformitarianism.
individual grains, sedimentary structures, 3-D form, biological components
6
SEDIMENTS MAY BE FORMED FROM WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING PROCESSES
Chemical Weathering
Mechanical Weathering
Biological Weathering
all the above
7
Using lithostratigraphic principles identify which of the dashed line represent a timeline or deposit that was deposited
Line "1" represents deposits forming at the same time of a "Timeline"
Line "2" represents deposits forming at the same time of a "Timeline
Line "3" represents deposits forming at the same time of a "Timeline"
8
Based on the geometry, directions sequence of facies, you would expect the ocean basin whose sea level flections
South
West
East
North
9
Cross-cutting relationships refer to features such as faults/volcanic bodies that cut through various strata. interpret?
None of the above
relative age/relative sequence events of deposition and subsequent changes.
The exact age of the various strata (layers) in the vertical sequence.
The environment or habitat that a given layer was deposited.
10
Examples of stratigraphy are
Biostratigraphy
Chemical variations found in vertical sequences in ocean sediments
all the above
Lithostratigraphy
11
Which of the following lists is written in order of decreasing grain size?
Sandstone, siltstone, conglomerate
Conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone
Sandstone, conglomerate, siltstone
Siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate
12
The adjacent figure depicts a series of sedimentary deposits illustrates a:
Nonconformity
Change in the environment over a short period of time
A change in tectonic setting
all the above
13
_________ represent _________ and allow you to interpret_______
none of the above
Nonconformities, continuous sedimentation, age of deposits
Angular Unconform, break in underlying deposits, change in tectonic setting
disconformities, no sediment deposit, stable climate/relative sea level
14
In what type of environment would symmetrical ripples be most likely to form?
Delta (River plus tides)
River
Beach (waves)
Desert (wind)
15
Assumptions to determine age through radiometric dating:
all the above
System must be a closed system
amount of radiometric element/ know what forms from it in radio decay
know decay constant, or the rate at which a radio element undergoes decay,
16
Freshwater Organic materials & bowl-shaped/small symmetric Ripples (Sample Cores), What environment?
A deep ocean basin
a small pond.
by a turbidity current
A fast-flowing river
17
Understanding how migrating ripples move laterally to form vertical sequences allow you to recognize such inversions by
cross-bedding does not reflect the leading face of the migrating bedform
migration of an active ripple on surface over a previously deposited ripple
relative geometries of cross-bedding to the next bedded layer above & below
all the above
18
Sedimentary bedforms in the nearshore (surfzone) are likely to be characterized by:
Only Symmetrical ripples
Only Asymmetrical ripples
Very similar bedforms as might be found in river environments.
Complex mixtures of symmetrical and asymmetrical ripples
19
2 types of volcanic Ash; Thickens towards Alaska & other thickens western pacific, use observations?
Potentially resolve individual volcano Sources, frequency, & size eruptions
All the above
regular eruptions to volcanoes in the area to see a pattern of thickness
individual ash horizons associated with specific volcanic eruptions
20
Which of the following can be used to determine the relative age of sediments/rock sequences?
all the above
Cross-cutting relationships
Fossils
Unconformities
21
What is true based on image?
limited importance to marine organisms that form from silica
Has limited effect on global climate
all the above
Explains sources of ocean salinity as soluble by-products moved to the sea.
22
cross section of a continental margin from mountains to the sea From your knowledge of sedimentary processes
A significant rise in sea level will raise the base level
all the above
Significant shift in the biologic assemblage that populate the same habitat
Changes in sea level will likely generate wide swings in lateral migration
23
How would you interpret the sea level history experienced at the eastern most core from oldest to present time.
Sea Level fell and then rose steadily to the present
none of the above
Sea level rose, then fell the rose then fell through to the present
Sea Level initial rose then dropped and finally rose to the present
24
Now interpret the relative sea level history for the western most site from the oldest time recorded to the present.
fall of sea level through time recorded & sequence of sedimentary facies
Sea level fell allowing coastal and territorial to expand west
Sea level initially fell, then rose again, then fell & rose to the present
Initially sea level fell, then rose, the fell to the present
25
Consider the diagram showing tree rings from a very old tree from Australia.
all the above
variations in growth conditions seasonally each yea
may find damage or partial loss of part of the record,
Effects of climate on tree growth
26
Basalt cuts granite in old Rift Valley/ locally find broken pieces of granite from dike structures; infer
Elevation relative to sea level probably didn't change much
basalt was the first rock type to have formed from felsic cooling
Continental mass pushed upwards and pulled apart, injecting basaltic magma
granite formed 1st near the surface (cooled fastly)
27
What statements are true from your understanding of stratigraphic principals.
all the above
absolute temperatures is less closely associated with changes the biosphere
co-variances are expected as climate changes, changes in sea level,
Major swings in climate = major divisions in the geologic time scale.
28
which is true relative to granite through chemical weathering in general?
Some minerals are more susceptible to chemical weather than others
Chem weathering is better than mech weathering in low-relief tropical envir
Chemical weather is more intense in warm temp & High precipitation
All the above
29
Large amounts of quartz & feldspars/Heavy metals, all same size/well rounded with shells, what environment?
An older river valley.
A desert
A beach
A salt marsh
30
An undeformed layer of sediment is _______ than the layer above and _____ than the layer below
Older, Younger
Older, Older
Younger, Older
Younger, Younger
31
looking at question 10; large phaneritic crystals that can be seen are mixed with finer aphanitic rocks
all the above
phaneritic crystals cooled slowly at depths and then uplifted
phaneritic crystals were uplifted and cooled quickly
No difference between the phaneritic and aphanitic crystals in granite
32
Which is true of different size sediments to water flows of different velocity
Can be constructed in a lab
shows grain size would not be helpful
Supports the idea that the smallest grains are the easiest to erode.
Shows pebbles would be easily eroded by currents less that 1 meter/second
33
Various observations that comprise a sedimentary facies include:
Sediment Texture
Fossils
Bedforms
All the above
34
biostratigraphic patterns for some common fossil groups. What are true statements about biostratigraphy:
A good Guide fossil has a long period of time and short-range
None are True
Climate and Sea Level Change has little effect on the biological record
Most biological groups show little change overtime
35
What does the Sedimentary texture tell you about the sedimentary deposit?
The overall amount of energy of the environment deposited in.
all the above
How long and far the grains have been transported
if the habitat's energy stays the same or has changes
36
a bedform type referred to as a “Graded” Bed. Which statements are true about Graded Bedding?
Formed by a Hurricane
Formed by a Tsunami
All the Above
Formed by a Turbidity Current
37
Which statements are true or reasonably interpreted from such a stratigraphic sequence
floodplain deposits of plant fossils show a record of biostratigraphy
all the above
river deposit, formed from aggrading mean cyclic repeats of facies progress
Such sequences are very common in coal producing areas
38
Which statement is true about the time scale?
All the above
Was derived from piecing together the progression of biostratigraphy
use of principle of original horizontality, and cross-cutting relationships
Was derived from piecing together the progression of lithostratigraphy

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