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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
Flashcards
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Questions
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Answers
1
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a contravened stereotype
a self-serving attribution
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a heuristic observation
2
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
self-serving bias
attributions
stereotypes
3
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
lateral processing
top-down processing
bottom-up processing
bottom-to-top processing
4
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
endocrine system
reticular formation
leftbrain/right brain communication
limbic system
5
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold information for a lifetime
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
put information into long-term memory
6
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
alpha
delta
gamma
beta
7
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the unconscious
behavior
conscious experience
the brain
8
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender differences
gender behaviors
gender stereotypes
gender roles
9
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
positive reinforcement
superstitious behavior
classical conditioning
observational learning
10
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
smelling an odor
moving a part of his body
seeing a flash of light
hearing a sound
11
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
regression
fixation
compensation
displacement
12
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Cannon's area
Wernicke's area
Sperry's area
Broca's area
13
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
initiative vs. guilt
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
industry vs. inferiority
trust vs. mistrust
14
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
anxiety disorders
marital problems
15
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
sebaceous gland
pituitary gland
pancreas
thyroid gland
16
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
behavioral
cognitive
psychoanalytic
humanistic
17
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
group differences in basic intelligence
genetic influences on IQ
a variety of environmental factors
changes in testing procedures
18
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
thalamus
spinal cord
cortex
location of injury
19
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
escape learning
an unconditioned response
positive reinforcement
avoidance learning
20
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he always gets in fights
he's just like his father
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
21
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a clinical psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a social psychologist
a forensic psychologist
22
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mode
mean
midpoint
median
23
According to the medical model...
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
24
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
parietal lobe
corpus callosum
thalamus
pineal gland
25
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
stereotaxic inversion
lesioning
ESB
tumor ligation
26
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
attention
sensation
perception
processing
27
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use a holistic decision model
are using the availability heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the representativeness heuristic
28
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
an amphetamine
a sedative
a narcotic
a hallucinogen
29
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the principle of collectivism
the law of cognitive dissonance
the reciprocity norm
display rules
30
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
brightness
light purity
saturation
color
31
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
overextension
fast-mapping
metalinguistic awareness
semantic slanting
32
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
vitreous humor
lens
iris
cornea
33
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a just noticeable difference
a superimposed stimulus
a false alarm
subliminal perception
34
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
delusions
obsessions
hallucinations
illusions
35
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a projective test
a behavior rating
a self-report inventory
a deceptive test
36
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
sensation
hypnosis
consciousness
perception
37
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
38
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
39
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
egocentrism
conservation
centration
reversibility
40
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
unconditioning
extinction
conditioned forgetting
spontaneous remission
41
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
opiates
teratogens
pathogens
prenatals
42
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
43
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
unrealistic demands from family/friends
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
44
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
suppression
neurogenic amnesia
repression
avoidance
45
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
fugue
panic disorder
bipolar disorder
conversion disorder
46
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
observational learning
punishment
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
47
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
boat-goat
fill-feed
car-nose
tree-bird
48
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
absolute
criterion-related
construct
content
49
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
halo effect in aggression
basis for performing pro-social behavior
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
50
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the conjunction fallacy
the confirmation bias
overestimating the improbable
the gambler's fallacy
51
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an achievement test
an aptitude test
a personality test
an intelligence test
52
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
consistency
predictability
accuracy of inference
representativeness
53
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
endorphin
acetylcholine
serotonin
dopamine
54
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
psychological tests
questionnaires
direct observation
physiological recordings
55
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thalamus
gonads
pituitary
thyroid
56
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cognitive structuring
schematizing
stereotypes
cultural direction
57
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become fearful/cautious
become aggressive
remain in continuous sleep
remain in continuous wakefulness
58
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
platonic
mnemonic
phonemic
morphemic
59
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
brainstem
cerebellum
reticular formation
limbic system
60
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a potential score
IQ
mental age
a percentile score
61
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
62
A perceptual set implies that...
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
people often see what they expect to see
63
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
food/meat powder
tone
light
salivation
64
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
I eated a cookie
i wanted a cookie
give cookie
cookie
65
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
postconventional
preconventional
conventional
concrete
66
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
individualism
functionalism
collectivism
attributionism
67
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
positron emission tomography
computerized tomography
electrographic tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
68
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
reinforcement
operant conditioning
observational learning
classical conditioning
69
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
logical reasoning
abstract operations
physical interaction
systematic hypothesis testing
70
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
display rules
investment differentiations
parental investments
social scripts
71
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalopedal trend
encephalitis
the proximodistal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
72
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
law of small numbers
representativeness heuristic
availability heuristic
conjunction heuristic
73
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
loud noise
rat
fear reaction
rabbit
74
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
state-dependent learning
observational learning
75
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the experimental group
the observational group
the control group
the correlational group
76
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
operant conditioning
latent learning
classical conditioning
insight learning
77
Anhedonia is when a person...
has two different psychological disorders
experiences mild manic states
has trouble getting along with people
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
78
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
creativity
intelligence
insight
reasoning
79
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
fear
happiness
surprise
80
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus discrimination
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus generalization
spontaneous recovery
81
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
secure-avoidant
strange situation
attachment probing
shared inhibition
82
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
introspection
cognition
intelligence
mentalism
83
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Rene Decartes
G. Stanley Hall
Wilhelm Wundt
William James
84
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
genital
oral
anal
latency
85
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
independently of autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
86
Framing refers to...
presenting only part of the information required
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting irrelevant information
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
87
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
oval window
stirrup
cochlea
temporal lobe
88
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
sequential
time of testing
longitundinal
cross-sectional
89
What is somnambulism?
sleep-talking
difficulty breathing when asleep
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-walking
90
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
schizophrenic
anxiety
mood
personality
91
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
stimulus discrimination
shaping
step-wise conditioning
selection
92
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
constancy
similiarity
symmetry
closure
93
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
fluid
procedural
episodic
crystallized
94
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
behavioral quality
personality
attachment
temperament
95
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
alcohol
narcotics
sedatives
cannabis
96
A valid test is one that...
is reliable
measures what it is supposed to measure
has been standardized but not normed
is consistent
97
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 4
stage 2
REM
stage 1
98
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
percentiles
correlation coefficients
standard deviation
means
99
An antagonist...
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
100
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
memory
the endocrine system
the autonomic nervous system
feeding
101
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial retrieval
complete retrieval failure
complete storage failure
partial storage
102
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
activation-synthesis theory
wish fulfillment theory
None of the Above
problem-solving theory
103
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
instinct theory
drive theory
incentive theory
evolutionary theory
104
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
morphemes
linguistic heuristics
phonemes
syntax
105
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
mescaline
cocaine
heroin
marijuana
106
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
poor police protection
job discrimination experienced by the residents
the personal qualities of the residents
crowded living conditions
107
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
behavior is to motive
thought is to perception
feeling is to thinking
attitude is to action
108
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
subliminal threshold
just noticeable difference
sensory memory
absolute threshold
109
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
standardized validity
criterion-related validity
content validity
110
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
schema
semantic network
script
chunk
111
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
cerebral cortex
corpus callosum
medulla
hypothalamus
112
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
flashbulb memories
episodic memories
non-declarative memories
sensory memories
113
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a delusion
an obsession
a phobia
a compulsion
114
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
frustration
conflict
change
pressure
115
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
116
What is cognitive dissonance?
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
117
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
cyclical
dissociative
unipolar
bipolar
118
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an external attribution
a situational attribution
an internal attribution
a distinctive attribution
119
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in neuroticism
high in agreeableness
low in openness
low in extraversion
120
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological stability
psychological instability
physiological instability
psychological stability
121
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
group polarization
deindividuation
social loafing
conformity
122
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
action potentials
neurotransmitters
antagonists
agonists
123
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
obedience
cognitive dissonance
conformity
groupthink
124
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring dissent from group members
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
125
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction incapacity
transduction capacity
the relative threshold period
the absolute refractory period
126
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
afferent nerves
efferent nerves
autonomic nerves
sympathetic nerves
127
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time awake
amount of time alseep
exposure to light
cultural practices
128
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
formal operations
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
development of secondary sex characteristics
post-conventional moral reasoning
129
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scales
test norms
test scores
test levels
130
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the triarchic level of encoding
attention encoding
the semantic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
131
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
systematic desensitization
avoidance therapy
psychotherapy
aversion therapy
132
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
sing a song
print letters
133
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
occipital cortex
medulla
hypothalamus
prefrontal cortex
134
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
pseudoforgetting
retroactive interference
retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
135
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the unconscious
maladaptive behaviors
irrational thoughts
the conscious
136
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recognition
recall
relearning
reiteration
137
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
resistance to pain
reduction of inhibitions
total loss of personal control
hallucinations
138
The superego is Freud's term for...
the conscious aspect of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the moral component of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
139
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not been dreaming
a headache
been dreaming
not really been asleep
140
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
behaviorism
psychoanalysis
functionalism
neodynamism
141
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
aggressiveness
excessive guilt
social charm
manipulative behavior
142
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
coping mechanisms
id mechanisms
offense mechanisms
defense mechanisms
143
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
short-term
long-term
intermediate-term
sensory
144
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
gustatory bulbs
olfactory cilia
smell buds
sciatic receptors
145
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
ablated
modeled
encoded
retrieved
146
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
the internal state causes the facial expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
147
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
mechanical
logical-mathemathical
spatial
musical
148
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
standardized; intelligence
personality; standardized
intelligence; standardized
intelligence; personality
149
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
decibels
timbre
loudness
pitch
150
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were put into a simulated prison
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
