Human Physiology 2 Body System Blood immunology - Compilation

Ab-bound viruses cannot enter target cells

what vaccine is moderately protective (40-60%) against what disease?

Which of the following is not one of the 3 layers in the bodies immune response

Haemophilia A is a loss of clotting

In erythropoiesis normoblasts are converted to _____?

In soluble immune factors, the phagocytes factor does what?

After 20 yrs, erythropoisis only occurs where?

1.______ stimulates erythropoiesis, while 2.______ inhibits the process

__? caused by roughened vess, imbalanced CF & release of tPA from big amounts of injured tissue

The main function of Fibrinogen?

In blood clotting pathways, which is most true for extrinsic pathways?

In blood clotting pathways, which is most true for intrinsic pathways?

Any substance which stimulates an immune response is a/an?

Leucocytes contain _______ and other chemicals which they use to kill invading pathogens

In transfusion Antibodies bind to antigen, causing cells to clump together and?

Which of the following is not one of the sites of erythropoiesis in the foetus

Immune response can be innateor acquired/adaptive

When an allergen enter the vascular system it is engulfed by phagocytes & presented to ______

When there is a lack of immune response the classified types are?

Which of the following are the 2 types of cytokines that increase the number of WBC precursors?

Vaccination is recognized by immune system and stimulates formation of

The main function of leucocytes is

Which of the following is not one of the causes of elevated Haematocrit (HCT)?

What is the process called when healing takes place and unnecessary clots are removed?

The acquired immune response is primarily mediated by what?

Leucocytes are formed where?

In vasoactive substances platelets release the contents from their granules which is reversible

Which of the following is not one of the advantages of being anucleate?

B lymphocytes provide

Within antibody structure, both light chains and both heavy chains are?

Which of the following is not one of the disadvantages of being anucleate?

Anaemias are defined as having

In a viral response Ab acts as 1.___ coating the virus for destruction by macrophages

IgA is found where

How much of the population are Rh+?

Inside the cell the pathogen is encapsulated in a

Which of the following is not a causative factor in thrombocytopaenia?

Main anticoagulants produced in the body are?

Antibody structure is comprised of 1._____ chains linked into a 2.______ molecule

Neutrophils are phagocytic and primarily do what?

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes also induce apoptosis on target cells through activating Fas receptor

In the sensitisation phase the production of IgE by B cells is?

Plasma contains isoantibodies or ______? to the A or B antigens not found in your blood

T cells continuously ________ via the blood and lymph through different lymph nodes

The main function of Globulins?

Erythrocyte contain high intracellular 1.___ and low 2.___

Regulatory T cells (Treg) have to be presented with Ag to become activated

Which of the following is incorrect for antibodies making antigens more visible?

Erythrocytes contain glycolytic enzymes and carbonic anhydrase

Haemoglobin is composed of 2 parts: 1.____ and 2.____

T cells primarily do what?

Histamine are found in the granules of what cells

Thrombopoietin (TPO) is produced where?

Which cells respond causing tissue damage & discomfort to things like poison ivy/ chemicals

what is the main defence against intracellular viruses?

The main T cell groups are

Immune system has the ability to distinguish its own cells from foreign cells, this is called?

HDN (Haemolytic disease of the newborn) also known as

Platelets live for approx ______? in the blood, until removed by the spleen/liver

Anaphylaxis is characterised by

Activated B cells produce what?

Blood clotting is the formation of a fibrin clot and is called

Serum lacks the blood protein?

___? allergy response mediated by helper T cells & macrophages & takes hours to days to develop

Smallpox declared eradicated by the WHO in what year

Viruses are

The complement soluble factor is a major defence mechanism against what?

The clonal expansion process occurs in

Bacteria are cells capable of 1.____ while viruses 2.____ unless they are inside another cell

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are known as______?

A patient with type O- blood can only receive from O+ donors

IgE is specifically very important in

In coagulation cascade both intrinsic/extrinsic pathways lead to the formation of ______?

The basis for vaccinations is the acquired system has “memory” of previous exposures

Which classes are involved in the Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) for T cells

Aggregated platelets release which factor that activates a clotting cascade?

T cells are formed in the bone marrow but mature where?

In acquired immune respone each lymphocyte only has a ____ antigen target and is called a clone

What are the correct normal reference ranges for Haematocrit (HCT) in males and females?

IgM is associated with the

Active bone marrow is red because of 1.___, Inactive bone marrow is yellow due to 2.___

T cell receptor Consists of _______ glycopolypeptide chains

Vaccines are 1._____ (thus immunogenic) but they are not 2._____

IgD is also found on surface of

Macrophages can ingest bacteria either directly or after coating them with?

What is the arrow pointing to from (<Blank>)

Which of the following substances are not released in the presence of inflammation?

An allergy causes an inflammatory immune response to a

Some blood clotting factors are released by platelets

In the stages of HIV infection Seroconversion is

NK cells bind to Fc stem and elicits a response, this non specific response is called

Which cells are responsible for immune surveillance?

Which of the following is not a function of the immune system

Acute phase proteins are released early and these plasma proteins include

__? begins with release of tissue factor by damaged peripheral tissues and aggregated platelets

Erythropoietin (EPO) is produced by the?

When the same antigen is encountered, the secondary immune response is _________

What copies viral genetic material from RNA into double-stranded DNA?

In aggregation platelets swell and adhere to ____ in the surrounding connective tissue

What is the arrow pointing to from (<Blank>)

There are 4 major types of Haemoglobin (Hb) found in adult blood?

At site of infection which cells will be activated if they encounter antigens they recognise?

In the effector phase which of the following is not involved with a histamine response

Fill in the blank

______ grow around the pathogen & it is internalised into a phagosome where it is broken down

In antigen presenting cells macrophages express both

Haemophilia B is loss of clotting

Pluripotent Haematopoietic Stem Cell give rise to two committed progenitor cells, these are?

which of the phagocytic leucocytes arrive first to the injury site?

What is the first step in cell-mediated response?

Which of the following is diseases is not considered solid immunity through vaccination

Some leucocytes engulf foreign material by what action?

TCR coreceptors, aβ TCRs only recognise Ag in presence of MHC, they will NOT recognise Ag alone

Which of the following are the correct 3 steps of Haemostasis?

Bacteria do not possess a cell wall

The 2 major mechanisms which limit clotting within a blood vessel are?

Physical symptoms of Hyperbilirubinaemia are?

When a blood vessel is damaged and blood escapes the vessel wall it undergoes what?

In antigen presenting cells B cells express

Antibodies can also enhance inflammation by which two actions?

Tissue repair begins early, isn't completed until all products have been neutralized/removed

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) use viral _______ complexes to recognize infected host cells

Treg cells are responsible for _______ the immune system after an infection has been dealt with

Basophils are mainly involved in what?

The study of haemostasis is the human body's response to blood vessel injury and bleeding

What is the final result in EPO that causes a haemopoietic stem into a mature RBC

In blood centrifugation which components sit on the top and bottom?

The primary type of Polycythaemia is?

Eosinophils are mainly involved in what?

What phase is initiated when re-exposure to allergen occurs?

What slowly dissolves a fibrin clot?

Type "A" blood possess

A piece of a thrombus or any other traveling piece of debris in a blood vessel is called a/an?

Iron (Fe) is transported around in the blood attached to the protein _____?

Plasma is comprised of

Secondary lymphoid organs are

If antigens binds to Antibodies this stimulates B cells to become a 1._____ or a 2._____

RhoGAM ___ any foetal Rh+ cells before mother’s immune cells can find them & produce anti-Rh Ab

Memory cells

The universal recipient blood type is

Plasma proteins also contribute to the blood’s _____?

Bone marrow provides structural support for 1.___ as well as a microenvironment for 2.___

An unwanted blood clot is called a

In leucocyte migration, ____________ emigrate from blood vessels to injury site

What does the reticulo-endothelia system do? (BM-= Bone marrow)

Which of the following foreign substances can not act as an antigen?

Haemophiliacs are unable to?

In Cytotoxic T lymphocyte after contact TC cells release ___? to kill target cells by apoptosis

Blood comprises approximately how much of body weight?

Which Cytokine increases the number of platelet precursors?

__? begins when enzymes are exposed to collagen fibres at the injury site

Which of the following is not one of the causes of reduced Haematocrit (HCT)?

Which "other elements" are not in plasma?

What are some microbes covered with that makes them "invisible" to phagocyte receptors?

A deficiency of clotting factor VIII or IX is due to what

What is the arrow pointing to from (<Blank>)

Components of bacterial wall activates the what system

First vaccination takes place in North America in what year?

Antihistamines do what

Substances that interact with the immune system and elicit an immune response are either

Megakaryocytes are what?

In soluble immune factors, the chemotaxins factor does what?

A cause of pernicious anaemia is?

The antibody structure are chains linked by Monosulfide bonds?

What is the arrow pointing to from (<Blank>)

Which vaccine is absolutely protective (100%) against what disease

In soluble immune factors, the complement factor does what?

Blood helps distribute?

Lymphocytes and monocytes are known as?

ABO Blood Groups are based on how many glycolipid isoantigens?

Which 2 components of blood can initiate blood clot formation?

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is considered

In acquired immunity the body requires an initial exposure, the cell then undergoes ________

Effector cells

What does a Natural killer cell secrete to prevent viral reproduction?

The main function of Albumin is to

Bilirubin taken up by the liver is converted to 1._____ bilirubin which is 2.____

Most plasma proteins are produced where?

Monocytes are precursors to macrophages and are

Vitamin K is involved in the synthesis of 4 clotting factors including?

Erythrocyte formation is called erythropoiesis?

Polycythaemia is due to the?

Once the clot has formed what causes the clot to retract

B cells then differentiate into plasma cells and secrete specific antibodies which are?

Kaposi’s sarcoma is

B cells primarily do what?

Autoimmunity results from a breakdown of tolerance, and results in the production of

Which of the following pharmaceuticals prevent blood clot formation

The two major markers of blood antigens are?

Which of the following statements about anticoagulant drug (warfarin) is true

Plasma cells do not express Ab on their membrane, instead they synthesize and secrete Ab

MHC Class II molecules present 1.______ which has been 2.______ and processed eg bacteria

Factor X is crucial for blood clotting, along with factor X the enzyme _____ is formed

For the following plasma protiens which are the correct %'s?

Erythrocytes originate from progenitor stem cells called ________?

Blood consists of 2 main parts these are?

If there is a decrease in tissue oxygenation what is secreted into the blood from the kidney?

Membrane attack complex helps actions of antibodies & cells, they are plasma proteins produced

The Allergen and IgE attach to _________ which sensitises these cells to this allergen

Natural killer cells are large cytotoxic lymphocytes containing

Smallpox is caused by the

Haematocrit (HCT) measures what? in the total volume of blood

1_____ and long term use of antibiotics reduces 2_____ production by bacteria in the gut

Ciliated epithelial cells line respiratory & urogenital tracts and are covered by layer of

Primary lymphoid organs are

Kinins act directly on local smooth muscle and causes muscle relaxation

In phagocytosis what is the correct sequence of events

Flexibility of the cell membrane allows the cell to change shape and respond to ______

Helper T cells (Th cells) possess what surface antigen?

Iron is removed from the haem molecule which in turn is converted to ______?

_______ is also present on erythrocytes

Most vaccines are delivered

MHC Class I molecules are found

Which 2 components of blood that are apart of the immune system prevent infection?

Cells in the spleen monitor for specifically what?

The universal donor blood type is

Which of the following is not one of the major functions of blood?

The ______ immune response can occur by either a T cell-independent or -dependent mechanism

The HIV virus binds to ______ on helper T cells

Which of the following is not one of the most likely ways HIV can be transmitted

Which of the statements about interleukins is true?

Erythrocytes (RBC) are biconcaved shaped 1.____ cells and their main protein is 2.____

HDN is very common in

In coagulation most are synthesized in the ____ & circulate in an inactive form until activated

Which are the correct 4 steps in the conversion of firbrinogen to fibrin? (Form = fromation)

A patient with blood type B+ can receive blood from B+, B-, O+, O- donors

T lymphocytes provide

In antigen presenting cells Dendritic cells express both

Which cytokine increases platelet production?

In acquired immune response, each cell contains ___? which bind to different ligands (antigens)

A patient with type AB- blood can receive from all ABO and Rh blood types

In 1796 Edward Jenner used _____to immunize people against smallpox

Aggregation of platelets in haemostasis can also be described as the

An overactive immune response can cause what in the body

All cells originate from a single precursor cell _____?

Which are the regulatory roles of blood?

_? allergy response is mediated by Ab & mast cells occurs after exposure to Ag called allergens

Which Cytokine increases the number of RBC precursors?

Platelets (thrombocytes) are made in bone marrow as fragments of?

What binds to viral Ag on macrophage MHC class II molecules?

The most common antibody found in 75% of body fluids is?

Saliva in mouth contains 1._____ enzymes, stomach and vaginal fluids are 2._____

Anaemia can occur in patients suffering renal failure due to insufficient ____ production.