What type of atoms are involved in forming ionic bonds?

Atoms that transfer electrons between each other

Why are valence electrons important?

They are responsible for chemical bonding.

What is the purpose of translation?

To assemble a protein based on an mRNA sequence

The maintenance of a stable internal environment

How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?

Positive feedback amplifies the stimulus & negative feedback reverses it.

What is the key difference between a cation and an anion?

Cations lose electrons, while anions gain electrons.

What is the role of transport proteins in the cell membrane?

Facilitate the movement of substances across the membrane

What does organ physiology focus on?

How individual organs perform their specific functions

What happens to electrons in an ionic bond?

They are transferred from one atom to another.

Movement of water molecules against the solute concentration gradient

Where are electrons found in an atom?

In the electron cloud around the nucleus

What does cell physiology study?

The function of individual cells

What type of atoms are involved in forming ionic bonds?

Atoms that transfer electrons between each other

What does it mean when the cell membrane is selectively permeable?

It allows certain substances to pass while restricting others.

Which statement about diffusion is true?

Molecules move from high to low concentration.

What does physiology study?

The function of living organisms and their parts

Which of the following is an example of cell physiology?

How mitochondria produce ATP in a muscle cell

Which of the following is an example of organ physiology?

Studying how the pancreas secretes insulin

How does organ physiology differ from systemic physiology?

Studies one organ; systemic studies multiple organs working together.

What does a pH of 2 indicate?

High hydrogen ion concentration (acidic)

What is the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds?

Polar bonds share electrons unequally; nonpolar bonds share them equally.

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?

Sweating to reduce body temperature

What is the function of anchoring proteins in the cell membrane?

Bind cells to extracellular structures or stabilize the membrane.

What relevance do hydrogen bonds have in the human body?

They stabilize the structure of DNA and enable water's unique properties.

What is the primary focus of systemic physiology?

How systems work together to maintain homeostasis

What is the main difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

Facilitated diffusion needs a transport protein; simple diffusion does not.

Which scenario best illustrates systemic physiology?

Observing how the stomach digests food and secretes digestive enzymes

What is a valence shell?

The outermost electron shell of an atom

Which of the following best describes a study in cell physiology?

Examining how red blood cells transport oxygen

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Bio 262 Exam 1 Review

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Answers

1
What type of atoms are involved in forming ionic bonds?
Atoms that transfer electrons between each other
Atoms that share electrons equally
Atoms with the same number of protons
Atoms that cannot bond with others
2
What is the primary site of translation in the cell?
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
Lysosome
Ribosome
3
Why are valence electrons important?
They create isotopes of elements.
They are found in the nucleus.
They are responsible for chemical bonding.
They determine the atomic number of an atom.
4
What is the purpose of translation?
To package proteins into vesicle
To replicate DNA
To produce RNA from DNA
To assemble a protein based on an mRNA sequence
5
What is homeostasis?
The process of cell division
The maintenance of a stable internal environment
The regulation of oxygen levels in the blood
The creation of new tissues
6
How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?
Positive feedback amplifies the stimulus & negative feedback reverses it.
Positive feedback always requires ATP, and negative feedback does not.
Positive feedback maintains homeostasis, & negative feedback disrupts it.
Positive feedback only occurs in emergency & negative feedback is constant
7
What is the key difference between a cation and an anion?
Cations gain electrons, while anions lose electrons.
Cations are negatively charged, while anions are positively charged.
Cations lose electrons, while anions gain electrons.
Cations are neutral, while anions are charged.
8
What is the role of transport proteins in the cell membrane?
Store energy for cell processes
Act as enzymes for chemical reactions
Bind to DNA
Facilitate the movement of substances across the membrane
9
Which process occurs in the cytoplasm and is anaerobic?
Fermentation
Electron transport chain
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
10
What is the normal pH of blood?
6.8
7.4
8.0
7.0
11
Which organelle is responsible for packaging and modifying proteins?
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Smooth ER
Ribosome
12
What is the primary function of ribosomes?
Transporting molecules across the membrane
Breaking down cellular waste
Synthesizing proteins
Storing genetic information
13
What does organ physiology focus on?
How individual organs perform their specific functions
How a single cell operates
The mechanisms of disease in the body
How the body maintains balance at a cellular level
14
What happens to electrons in an ionic bond?
They are shared between atoms.
They are removed completely.
They are split equally between two atoms.
They are transferred from one atom to another.
15
What is osmosis?
Movement of solute molecules down the concentration gradient
Movement of water molecules down the solute concentration gradient
Movement of water molecules against the solute concentration gradient
Movement of solute molecules against the concentration gradient
16
Where are electrons found in an atom?
In the nucleus
On the surface of the atom
Between the nucleus and protons
In the electron cloud around the nucleus
17
Which type of RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation?
snRNA
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
18
What does cell physiology study?
The interactions between multiple organ systems
The function of individual cells
The structure of tissues
The coordination of organs in the body
19
What type of atoms are involved in forming ionic bonds?
Atoms with the same number of protons
Atoms that transfer electrons between each other
Atoms that cannot bond with others
Atoms that share electrons equally
20
What is stored in the nucleus?
DNA
Lipids
Glucose
Proteins
21
What is the primary function of a buffer?
Increase the pH of a solution
Neutralize harmful chemicals
Facilitate protein synthesis
Prevent drastic changes in pH
22
What does it mean when the cell membrane is selectively permeable?
It allows certain substances to pass while restricting others.
It blocks all substances from entering or leaving the cell.
It allows all substances to enter freely.
It changes permeability based on temperature.
23
Which step in ATP production occurs in the mitochondria and is aerobic?
Krebs cycle
Glycolysis
Fermentation
Protein synthesis
24
Which statement about diffusion is true?
Molecules move from high to low concentration.
It moves molecules against the concentration gradient.
It only occurs in non-living systems.
It requires energy in the form of ATP.
25
What does physiology study?
The structure of body parts
The chemical composition of cells
The function of living organisms and their parts
The classification of organisms
26
What is it called when blood pH is below 7.35?
Buffer
Alkalosis
Neutralization
Acidosis
27
Which type of transport uses ATP?
Active transport
Simple diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
28
Which of the following is an example of cell physiology?
How mitochondria produce ATP in a muscle cell
How the kidney filters blood
How the nervous system regulates blood pressure
How the heart pumps blood
29
Which of the following is an example of organ physiology?
Studying how the pancreas secretes insulin
Examining how DNA replicates during cell division
Analyzing how the cardiovascular system delivers nutrients
Observing how neurons communicate within the brain
30
How does organ physiology differ from systemic physiology?
Examines tissues; systemic examines a single organ.
Organ is about structure; systemic is about chemistry.
Studies one organ; systemic studies multiple organs working together.
Focuses on cells; systemic focuses on molecules.
31
What does a pH of 2 indicate?
Neutral solution
Low hydrogen ion concentration (basic)
High hydrogen ion concentration (acidic)
Equal balance of acids and bases
32
What is the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds?
Nonpolar bonds do not form between similar atoms; polar bonds do.
Polar bonds involve electron transfer; nonpolar bonds involve sharing.
Polar bonds share electrons equally; nonpolar bonds do not.
Polar bonds share electrons unequally; nonpolar bonds share them equally.
33
Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?
Platelet aggregation to stop bleeding
Increasing contractions during childbirth
Blood clot formation during injury
Sweating to reduce body temperature
34
What is the function of anchoring proteins in the cell membrane?
Identify cells as part of the body.
Allow ions and molecules to pass through the membrane.
Bind cells to extracellular structures or stabilize the membrane.
Facilitate chemical reactions.
35
What relevance do hydrogen bonds have in the human body?
They form the covalent bonds in lipids
They stabilize the structure of DNA and enable water's unique properties.
They are responsible for creating ionic bonds in cells.
They are the strongest bonds in biological systems.
36
What is the primary focus of systemic physiology?
The detailed anatomy of a single organ
The chemical reactions occurring in a cell
The microscopic structure of cells
How systems work together to maintain homeostasis
37
Where does transcription occur in the cell?
Ribosome
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Mitochondria
38
What is the main difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
Simple diffusion moves molecules against the gradient; facilitated does not
Facilitated diffusion needs a transport protein; simple diffusion does not.
Simple diffusion uses energy; facilitated diffusion does not.
Facilitated diffusion is slower than simple diffusion.
39
Which scenario best illustrates systemic physiology?
Investigating the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport
Measuring the energy output of mitochondria in muscle cells
Investigating how the kidneys regulate blood pressure
Observing how the stomach digests food and secretes digestive enzymes
40
What is the primary function of the mitochondria?
Protein synthesis
ATP production
DNA replication
Lipid storage
41
What is the primary result of mitosis?
Fusion of gametes
Production of RNA
Four genetically different daughter cells
Two identical daughter cells
42
What is a valence shell?
A region where protons are stored
The total number of electrons in an atom
The innermost electron shell
The outermost electron shell of an atom
43
Which of the following best describes a study in cell physiology?
Understanding how the respiratory system provides oxygen to the body
Examining how red blood cells transport oxygen
Investigating how the liver detoxifies harmful substances
Analyzing how hormones regulate blood sugar

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