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Biology 131: Cells Exams 1 & 2 Flashcards | StudBud
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Biology 131: Cells Exams 1 & 2
Biology 131: Cells Exams 1 & 2
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1
Catalysts (such as enzymes) are substances that:
slow down chemical reactions
are independent of metabolism
increase temperature needed for chemical reactions
speed up chemical reactions
2
The function of mRNA is to...
carry DNA to make protein
assemble amino acids
carry information from DNA for making proteins
assemble proteins
3
Which of the following organelles relies on the exocytosis to complete its function?
golgi apparatus
nucleus
endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondria
4
Enzymes (organic catalysts) represent which of the following groups?
lipids
carbohydrates
glucose
proteins
5
What is the first step in the scientific method?
hypothesis
conclusion
observation
prediction
6
Which of the following are part of the Endomembrane System of Cells?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
rough endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
all of the above
7
What is a cell?
smallest and basic unit of life
largest and basic unit of life
smallest and advanced unit of life
largest and advanced unit of life
8
A red blood cell, and a plant cell are both placed in distilled water. The blood cell will...while the plant cell will..
burst, swell
burst, shrink
shrink, swell
shrink, shrink
9
Cells prevent internal conditions from reaching equilibrium, by utilizing what?
active transport
electrochemical gradients
osmosis
facilitation transport
10
Which of the following is the best function of the chloroplast?
photosynthesis
regulation of internal conditions of the cell
ATP production
protein synthesis
11
Which of the following organelles is responsible for transporting and packaging proteins and lipids?
endoplasmic reticulum
DNA
ribosomes
golgi complex
12
Maltose, which is composed of two glucose units can be classified as a:
none of the above
disaccharide
polysaccharide
monosaccharide
13
What type of amino acid side chains would you expect to find on the surface of a protein embedded in the cell membrane?
hydrophobic
hydrophilic
charges
polar but not charged
14
A red blood cell shrinks in size when placed in what kind of solution relative to the cell?
hypotonic
hypertonic
hyperactive
hydrophilic
15
When water evaporates (liquid to gas) what type of bonds are broken?
polar covalent
ionic
non-polar covalent
hydrogen
16
Which of the following is the best function of the plasma membrane?
photosynthesis
digestion
ATP production
regulation of internal conditions
17
Which of the following structures are found in plant cells, but not animal cells?
cell wall
mitochondria
nucleus
ribosomes
18
In biological molecules, carbon always forms ... covalent bonds
4
3
2
1
19
Co-transport refers to the process where...
uniporters are used
two compounds are required to be actively transported
passive transport occurs
multiple compounds diffuse
20
The definition of hydrophilic is:
water loving
hydrogen loving
none of the above
water fearing
21
The "Cell Theory" states that:
all organisms are composed of cells
both b and c
natural selection determines which cells survive
all cells arise from pre-existing cells
22
What does the prefix "bio" mean in the word biology?
logic
evolve
corn
life
23
Catabolic pathways result in what of the molecules?
assembly
conformation
breakdown
functionalization
24
In cystic fibrosis, which of the following is true?
a defect in Cl transporter stops Cl from passing through the plasma membran
a defect in Na transporter stops Na from passing through the plasma membran
a defect in a glucose transporter stops Na from being absorbed
too much salt is consumed and secreted
25
What is the structure of saturated fats?
kinky-all double bonds between carbons
straight-all single bonds between carbons
straight-all double bonds between carbons
kinky-all single bonds between carbons
26
According to the endosymbiotic theory, mitochondria arose from
cyanobacteria
aerobic prokaryotes
photosynthetic prokaryotes
liposomes
27
What is an ion?
an atom with a positive charge
an atom with a negative charge
an atom of an element that has no charge
an atom with both a positive and negative charge
28
How many electrons can be in the first energy shell of a stable atom?
8
4
2
1
29
Oral rehydration salts rehydrate cells better than water because:
water follows increased Na absorption
all of the above
Na needs glucose for cotransport
the body also needs Na
30
The atomic number of sodium is 11, sodium (Na) ions have a +1 charge. How many electrons are in a sodium ion?
12
10
8
14
31
Diffusion is a process where:
no energy is require
all of the above
molecules move from a region of low to high concentrations
concentration gradients can be created
32
A ... protein has become nonfunctional due to the loss of its three-dimensional structure.
reversible
denatured
inactivated
hydrolyzed
33
Which of the following are involved in virtually every reaction that takes place in a cell?
enzymes
ADP
nucleic acids
lipids
34
The structure of the plasma membrane is best described by what model?
fluid-mosaic
none of the above
sandwhich
integrity
35
The Na+/K+ pump performs which of the following functions?
generates an electrochemical gradient across the membrane
pumps 3 Na+ out of the cell and brings 2 K+ in
generates a concentration gradient across the membrane
generates a charge gradient accross the membrane
36
The shape of a folded protein is determined by:
the base-pairing rules
the primary sequence of its amino acids
the quaternary structure
the number of peptide bonds
37
Oral rehydration salts can be easily made by dissolving what in boiling water?
salt and pepper
salt and sugar
pepper and spice
sugar and spice
38
In cellular metabolism, anabolic and catabolic reactions are linked with energy from...
ATP
TCA
ADP
GTA
39
Diffusion of water is referred to as:
osmosis
isotonic
active transport
carrier mediated
40
Which of the following are characteristics of water?
universal solvent & a thermal buffer
forms hydrogen bonds with itself
high surface tension
all of the above
41
Before photosynthesis, what was very little in Earths atmosphere?
helium
hydrogen
oxygen
water
42
Pasteur's experiment with the swan-necked flask rejected the spontaneous generation theory by demonstrating that:
cells only grow in broth exposed to a source of pre-existing cells
only bacteria can grow in broth
cells grow in broth sealed from air
cells can grow in broth after it has been boiled
43
Which element is not very abundant in the Earth's crust, but is the basis of organic molecules?
hydrogen
carbon
oxygen
nitrogen
44
Which macromolecules do living systems require?
all of the above
proteins
nucleic acids & carbohydrates
lipids
45
Active transport can also be termed...
diffusion
facilitated transport
both a & b
uphill transport
46
The origin of life on Earth required the presence of:
oxygen
liquid water
light
cells
47
The monomers that makeup carbohydrate polymers (such as starch) are called:
amino acids
monosaccharides
nucleotides
nucleosides
48
The basic structure of the plasma membrane is...
phospholipids and sugars
lipids and cellulose
cellulose and protein
phospholipids and protein
49
Some amino acids face inwards forming the alpha helix of a protein because they are:
both hydrophoic & philic
acid loving
hydrophilic
hydrophobic
50
Aerobic bacteria took advantage of high levels of oxygen in the atmosphere to produce more what and better competitors?
ATP
TCA
water
carbon
51
Your experimental results do not agree with your hypothesis; the scientific method requires you to:
repeat your experiment until you get the result you want
reject your hypothesis and form a new one
ignore the result
fake it till you make it
52
A dog breeder mates a male and female champion show dog in hopes of getting a puppy that will grow be same, an example:
natural selection
artificial selection
survival of the fittest
natural evolution
53
Which of the following is the best function of the mitochondria?
photosynthesis
regulation of internal conditions of the cell
ATP production
protein synthesis
54
Molecules that are both attracted to water and repel water are called:
hydrophobic
amphipathic
glycosidic
hydrophilic
55
The first step in the evolution of living cells was:
lipid membranes regulated what could enter and leave a cell
all of the above
lipid membranes allowed controlled chemical environments, enclosure of life
nutrients and energy could be obtained from the environment
56
A symbiont refers to two organisms that?
live together
live together and one does better as a result
both benefit each other
do worse due to limited resources
57
The "Great Oxidation" refers to a period in Earth's history when:
populations of photosynthetic organisms were able to increase in numbers
all of the above
oxidation of iron could be seen in rocks & photosynthetic org. released O2
toxic oxygen lead to the extinction of many organisms
58
What was domesticated from
Brassica oleracea
, a species of wild mustard?
broccoli
all of the above
brussel sprouts & cabbage
kale
59
The number of protons in a neutral atom equals the number of:
electrons minus neutrons
neutrons
electrons plus neutrons
electrons
60
Active transport can create a gradient across a cell membrane, resulting in what form of energy?
potential
radiant
kinetic
electrical
61
Amino acids can be classified by...
their fatty acids and monosaccharides
characteristics of their side chains
the number of carbons
number of peptide bonds they can form
62
All living organisms share similar:
genetic codes
chemistry
all of the above
energy metabolic pathways
63
Which plasma membrane component can be found on its surface or embedded in the membrane structure?
protein
carbohydrate
cholesterol
phospholipids
64
In an "ionic bond"
two electrons are shared equally
a magnetic link is formed
polar molecules will form
2 atoms of opposite charge attract
65
The principal force driving movement in diffusion is the...
membrane surface area
particle size
concentration gradient
temperature
66
A neutral atom with an atomic number of 6 has:
4 electrons and no protons
8 electrons and 8 neutrons
6 protons and 6 electrons
8 protons and 6 electrons
67
Energetics (energy) of living cells refers to:
all of the above
energy extraction
synthesis of molecules
metabolism & metabolic pathways
68
Which of the following is not a difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA is a polymer whereas RNA is a monomer
DNA has thymine whereas RNA has uracil
DNA has two strands whereas RNA has one strand
DNA has deoxyribose whereas RNA has ribose
69
Which of the following doesn't have a cell?
bacteria
fungi
plants
viruses
70
The "backbone" of a nucleic acid molecule is made of...
alternating sugars and phosphate groups
nitrogenous bases
purines
pyrimidines
71
We consider something to be living if it has the capacity for:
all of the above
growth & continual change
reproduction
functional activity
72
Which of the following is true of lipids?
important for energy storage
all of the above
insoluble in water & hydrophobic
important constituents of biological components
73
Compounds that cannot pass through a lipid bilayer typically require...
protein channels
protein carriers
both b & c
osmosis
74
Prisons are a result of what folding improperly?
nucleic acids
lipids
proteins
carbohydrates
75
Alpha helix , beta pleated sheet and random coils all describe a protein's...
quaternary structure
tertiary structure
primary structure
secondary structure
76
DNA molecules consists of:
two anti-parallel strands of DNA
one DNA strand and one RNA strand
one strand of sugar-phosphate
one single helix of DNA
77
Most of the mass of an atom is in the:
electrons
neutrons
proton
protons and neutrons
78
Which of the following is the best function of the ribosome?
photosynthesis
ATP production
regulation of internal conditions
protein synthesis
79
DNA is stored in which of the following cell organelles?
nucleus
cell wall
cytoplasm
vacuole
80
When ions move through a protein ion channel in a membrane, the resulting form of energy is what?
potential
kinetic
heat
osmotic
81
Ice does not sink to the bottom of a pond or lake because:
none of the above
solid water is more dense than liquid water
water molecules form ionic bonds in ice
water is less dense as a solid than liquid
82
Which of the following is an example of unsaturated fat?
oil
all of the above
lard
butter
83
Which of the following is the accepted sequence of early life on Earth?
first cells, chemical evolution, photosynthetic cyanobac., aerobic bacteria
aerobic bacteria, chemical evolution, first cells, photosynthetic cyanobac.
chemical evolution, first cells, photosynthetic cyanobac., aerobic bacteria
photosynthetic cyanobac, aerobic bacteria, chemical evolution, first cells
84
The basic structural and physiological unit of all living organisms is the:
membrane
nucleus
DNA
cell
85
Evidence for the endosymbiotic theory is:
all of the above
mitochondria and chloroplasts have circular DNA and double membranes
mitochondria and chloroplasts have metabolic reactions in the same place
organelles are similar in size to prokaryotes
86
Compounds that can diffuse through a lipid bilayer are typically:
water soluble
lipid soluble (hydrophobic)
polar
ions
87
Energy is stored long-term in what bonds to be used short-termed to perform work for a molecule?
glucose : ATP
catabolic molecule : anabolic molecule
glucose : ADP
anabolic molecule : catabolic molecule
88
The general chemical formula for carbohydrates includes the atoms:
C, H, N
C, H, O
C & H
C, H, P
89
Which statement about enzymes is false?
they usually consist of proteins
they make reactions occur that could not otherwise occur
they change the rate of the catalyzed reaction
they are sensitive to heat and pH
90
Which of the following is known as the powerhouse of the cell?
cytoplasm
nuclei
chloroplast
mitochondria
91
Which characteristic is shared by prokaryotes and eukaryotes
chloroplasts
DNA-based genomes
mitochondria
cytoskeleton
92
The interior of the lipid bilayer of cell membranes is:
hydrophilic
covalent
hydrophobic
ionic
93
Movement/mobility of proteins in the plasma membrane is affected by:
all of the above
temperature
phospholipid saturation
cholesterol
94
Which type of bond is the most important in organic molecules?
hydrogen bons
ionic bonds
peptide bonds
covalent bonds
95
Which of the following is found in prokaryotes but not eukaryotes?
none of the above
plasma membrance
ribosomes and circular DNA
membrane-bound nucleus
96
The nucleus if most atoms is made up of:
electrons and neutrons
neutrons
electrons
protons
97
Compounds moved across a membrane against the concentration gradient (active transport) require:
salt and glucose
diffusion
high temperature
energy
98
Cells are typically small because:
they need less energy
there are a lot of them
high surface to volume ratio benefits diffusion
there isn't much space for them
99
Which of the following is found in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes?
internal membranes
chloroplasts & mitochondria
all of the above
linear chromosomes
100
The phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes can be described as:
hydrophilic
carbohydrate
hydrophobic
amphipathic
