(USPSTF) Grade D: Recommends against this service

There is moderate or high certainty that the service has no net benefit, The harms outweigh the benefits.

Jobs related to abundant natural resources often hazardous, Labor-related jobs often low paying and without benefit, Economy fluctuations felt profoundly

10 Great Public Health Achievements – US 1900-1999 (20th century)

2. Motor-vehicle safety 🚗, 3. Safer workplaces 🏭, 1. Vaccination 💉, 4. Control of infectious diseases 🦠

Types of health promotion and disease prevention activities

Communication, Policy, systems, and environment, Education

Purpose of public health is?

To protect and promote the health of all people in all communities.

10 Public Health Services (Assessment)

Investigate/diagnose/address health hazards and root causes., Assess and monitor population health

Completion of community needs, proficiency of staff -provide the education, Presentation of information with audiovisual support (e.g., slides), Well-planned curriculum with learning activities, Participation of target population

Outmigration of young people leaves rural areas with more elderly residents, Lower rates of educational attainment, Often high concentrations of minorities, Higher poverty rates

Types of health promotion and disease prevention activities (Communication)

Materials for use (brochures, billboards, radio commercials, newsletters), Research-based strats for products & to select how the message is delivered, Health literacy/internet access/media exposure/cultural competency of pop., Know concepts/language/priorities for culture/setting of the communication

10 Public Health Services (Policy Development)

Create, champion, implement policies, plans and laws, Strengthen, support and mobilize communities and partnerships, Utilize legal and regulatory actions, Communicate effectively to inform and educate

Example of Policy development at Local level

County laws prohibiting smoking in bars

Prominent events in the history of public health (Sanitation and environmental health):

1970: U.S. environmental protection agency founded, 1840s: Public Health Act of 1848 established in the UK, 500 BCE: Greeks and Romans practice community sanitation measures

Medical care specific difference

Joint laboratory and patient involvement

Digital divide (Example from 2011-2015 American Community Survey)

Lower rates of broadband access and adoption, 23.8% rural areas do not have internet access, 17.3% do not in urban.

Examples of SDH, Neighborhood and Built Environment:

Neighborhood crime, Water quality and supply, Physical activity

Example of Assurance at State level

Funding for campaign through proposition 99

(USPSTF) Grade I: Concludes current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits/harms of the service

Balance of benefits and harms cannot be determined, Evidence is lacking, Evidence is conflicting, Evidence is poor quality

Example of Macro level: (comt: community, pop: Population)

Assessment/Identification/Prioritization of pub health needs in comt, pop

Charles-Edward Armory states public health is

Science & art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health, Society, Organizations, Public and Private communities, and Individuals, through the organized efforts and informed choices of

10 Great Public Health Achievements – US 1900-1999 (20th century)

10.Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard. 🚭, 9. Fluoridation of drinking water 🚰

Healthy People 2030 is

Made by US Department of Health and Human Services, Tracks progress towards these objectives, Provides 10-year, measurable public health objectives

Lack of transportation, Fewer health care providers, Distance to care

Epidemiology triad: ESE

Traditional model for infectious disease, Susceptible host- the human who can get the disease, Environment- that brings the two together, External agent- chemical, physical, pathogenic cause of a disease or injury

Examples of SDH, Education Access and Quality:

Math and reading skills, Social environment at an education setting, General school performance

Treatment to minimize the severity of disease, injury or disability

Screening to detect or diagnose disease, injury or disability.

Difficulty developing and sustaining healthcare services, Low population density, Geographic isolation, Environment, Less access to health care

Women have higher rates of depression than men, Transgender women have higher rates of assaults than cisgender women

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Public Health Updated

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Questions 100

Answers

1
(USPSTF) Grade D: Recommends against this service
There is moderate or high certainty that the service has no net benefit
The harms outweigh the benefits.
Dogs
Cats
2
Occupation
Jobs related to abundant natural resources often hazardous
Labor-related jobs often low paying and without benefit
Economy fluctuations felt profoundly
3
Example of Assessment at State level
Monitor state tobacco use
Report on local tobacco use
National tobacco PH surveillance
4
10 Great Public Health Achievements – US 1900-1999 (20th century)
2. Motor-vehicle safety 🚗
3. Safer workplaces 🏭
1. Vaccination 💉
4. Control of infectious diseases 🦠
5
Types of health promotion and disease prevention activities
Communication
Policy, systems, and environment
shoes
Education
6
Purpose of public health is?
To protect and promote the health of all people in all communities.
Everyone should have a unfair and unjust opportunity to have optimal health
7
10 Public Health Services (Assessment)
Communicate effectively to inform and educate
Investigate/diagnose/address health hazards and root causes.
Assess and monitor population health
Strengthen, support and mobilize communities and partnerships
8
Example of Assessment at Local level
National tobacco PH surveillance
Report on local tobacco use
Monitor state tobacco use
9
Health determinants: Genetics, Behavior, Environmental and physical influence, Medical care, Social factors (SDH)
True
False
10
Example of Policy development at State level
County laws prohibiting smoking in bars
Smoking ban on commercial flights
Increase tobacco tax
11
Leading health indicators: subset of objectives that address factors that impact major causes of deathdisease in the US
True
False
12
Epidemiology core functions are PFAEL: Pub Health Surveillance, Field investigation, Analytical studies, Eval., Linkages
True
False
13
Assessment: Systematically collect, analyze and make available information on healthy communities.
False
True
14
Education includes:
Completion of community needs, proficiency of staff -provide the education
Presentation of information with audiovisual support (e.g., slides)
Well-planned curriculum with learning activities
Participation of target population
15
Concerns: What concerns do you have about taking your medication for your disease state?
False
True
16
Demographics
Outmigration of young people leaves rural areas with more elderly residents
Lower rates of educational attainment
Often high concentrations of minorities
Higher poverty rates
17
(Education): Increasing knowledge to lead to behavior change and actions (e.g., courses/trainings)
False
True
18
Types of health promotion and disease prevention activities (Communication)
Materials for use (brochures, billboards, radio commercials, newsletters)
Research-based strats for products & to select how the message is delivered
Health literacy/internet access/media exposure/cultural competency of pop.
Know concepts/language/priorities for culture/setting of the communication
19
10 Public Health Services (Policy Development)
Create, champion, implement policies, plans and laws
Strengthen, support and mobilize communities and partnerships
Utilize legal and regulatory actions
Communicate effectively to inform and educate
20
Example of Policy development at Local level
County laws prohibiting smoking in bars
Smoking ban on commercial flights
Increase tobacco tax
21
Cope: How do you feel about your disease/meds?
True
False
22
(USPSTF) stands for United States Preventive Services Task Force
True
False
23
Prominent events in the history of public health (Sanitation and environmental health):
1970: U.S. environmental protection agency founded
1840s: Public Health Act of 1848 established in the UK
500 BCE: Greeks and Romans practice community sanitation measures
24
Medical care specific difference
Joint laboratory and field involvement
Clinical sciences peripheral to professional training
Joint laboratory and patient involvement
Public health ethic
25
Digital divide (Example from 2011-2015 American Community Survey)
Lower rates of broadband access and adoption
23.8% rural areas do not have internet access, 17.3% do not in urban.
26
Examples of SDH, Neighborhood and Built Environment:
Neighborhood crime
Water quality and supply
Physical activity
27
Example of Assurance at State level
Federal grants for anti-smoking research
Resources to help smokers quit in multiple languages
Funding for campaign through proposition 99
28
Prevalence: # of ALL cases of disease/injury in a population during a period of time
False
True
29
(USPSTF) Grade I: Concludes current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits/harms of the service
Balance of benefits and harms cannot be determined
Evidence is lacking
Evidence is conflicting
Evidence is poor quality
30
Example of Macro level: (comt: community, pop: Population)
Assessment/Identification/Prioritization of pub health needs in comt, pop
Health screening, health education
Immunizations, patient counseling
Tobacco cessation
31
ReGSVD Disabilities example: Adults with any disability have higher risk of CV disease than those without
False
True
32
Charles-Edward Armory states public health is
Science & art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health
Society, Organizations, Public and Private communities, and Individuals
through the organized efforts and informed choices of
33
10 Great Public Health Achievements – US 1900-1999 (20th century)
10.Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard. 🚭
9. Fluoridation of drinking water 🚰
34
Primary prevention
Treatment to minimize the severity of disease, injury or disability
Prevent disease or injury
Screening to detect or diagnose disease, injury or disability.
35
Healthy People 2030 is
Made by US Department of Health and Human Services
Tracks progress towards these objectives
Provides 10-year, measurable public health objectives
36
Neighborhood and built environment goal: Create neighborhoods and environments that promote health and safety.
True
False
37
Access to care
Lack of transportation
Fewer health care providers
Distance to care
38
ReGSVD Sexual orientation example: Majority of HIV diagnoses in gay men
False
True
39
Non-Zipcode Health Disparities ReGSVD stands for Race/ethnicity, gender, sexual orient., disabilities, veteran status
False
True
40
Epidemiology triad: ESE
Traditional model for infectious disease
Susceptible host- the human who can get the disease
Environment- that brings the two together
External agent- chemical, physical, pathogenic cause of a disease or injury
41
Examples of SDH, Education Access and Quality:
Math and reading skills
Social environment at an education setting
General school performance
42
SDH (Social Determinants of Health) are factors that make up a person’s life, that also affects their health.
True
False
43
LHIs help organizations, communities, and states focus resources to improve health and well-being
True
False
44
Tertiary prevention
Screening to detect or diagnose disease, injury or disability.
Prevent disease or injury
Treatment to minimize the severity of disease, injury or disability
45
Secondary prevention
Screening to detect or diagnose disease, injury or disability.
Prevent disease or injury
Treatment to minimize the severity of disease, injury or disability
46
Incidence: # of NEW cases of disease/injury in a population during a period of time
False
True
47
ReGSVD Veteran status example: Veterans have higher rates of homelessness than non-veterans
False
True
48
Epidemiology: Study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states/events in spec pops.
False
True
49
Geography
Difficulty developing and sustaining healthcare services
Low population density, Geographic isolation
Environment
Less access to health care
50
GOD IS DAP Geography Occupation Demographics Infrastructure Social capital Digital divide Access to care Political voice
False
True
51
ReGSVD: Gender
Women have higher rates of depression than men
Transgender women have higher rates of assaults than cisgender women
52
Infrastructure
Needs personnel/financial resources that are not in rural communities
Includes structures and systems within a given community
53
Economic stability goal: Help people earn steady incomes that allow them to meet their health needs
True
False
54
SDH (Social Determinants of Health): SHEEN
Neighborhood & Built Environment
Economic Stability also Education Access & Quality
Health Care Access & Quality
Social & Community Context
55
Policy Development: Promote the use of a scientific knowledge base in policy and decision making
True
False
56
(USPSTF) Grade B: There is high certainty that the net benefit is moderate to substantial and is recommended.
True
False
57
The 4 C's Model helps assess patient understanding of disease state and medication. (Call, Caused, Cope, Concerns)
False
True
58
Caused: What do you think caused you to get your disease?
True
False
59
Public health specific difference
Clinical sciences essential to professional training
Joint laboratory and pt involvement
Public sector basis
Private sector basis
60
Prominent events in the history of public health (Pandemics):
Polio: vaccine introduced in 1955; eradication initiative launched in 1988
Covid-19: 1.1 million deaths in U.S.
Influenza: 500 million infected worldwide in 1918
61
Example of Assessment at Federal level
Monitor state tobacco use
Report on local tobacco use
National tobacco PH surveillance
62
Definition of Health Promotion
Interventions address and prevent the root causes of ill health
Enables people to increase control over their own health
Social and environmental interventions designed to protect QOL and health
63
Environment examples:
policies for smoke-free zones, adding a tax to unhealthy food options
Adding parks
Implementing new technologies, replicating a proven health promotion model
Add new bike paths, fresh foods
64
Public health specific difference
Population focus
Personal service ethic
Individual patient focus
Diagnosis and treatment emphasis
65
Medical care specific difference
Clinical sciences essential to professional training
Clinical sciences peripheral to professional training
Public health ethic
Prevention or public health emphasis
66
Select true statements regarding equity and equality
Equity: given the same resources or opportunities.
Equality: given the same resources or opportunities.
Equality: allocates exact resources needed to reach an equal outcome
Equity: allocates exact resources needed to reach an equal outcome
67
(USPSTF) Grade A: There is high certainty that the net benefit is substantial and is recommended.
True
False
68
Analytic Epidemiology: Used to test hypothesis *KEY FEATURE- a comparison group
Never proves that particular exposure caused a particular outcome
Concerned with the search for cause and effects, the why and the how.
Quantifies the association between exposure and outcomes
Tests hypothesis about causal relationships
69
Examples of SDH, Economic Stability:
Disabilities
Poverty
Employment
70
Prominent events in the history of public health (Disaster response and preparedness, Community Response and Resilience)
Biologic warfare: plague used as a weapon of war during siege of Caffa
September 2001: Public health surveillance conducted after the 9/11 attacks
Katrina: EMS, pub health surveillance, and disease tx provided
71
Assurance: Ensure provision of services to those in need
True
False
72
Descriptive Epidemiology: Study of disease incidence/distribution by time, place, and person.
True
False
73
Call: Do you consider you disease controlled?
False
True
74
Example of Policy development at Federal level
Smoking ban on commercial flights
Increase tobacco tax
County laws prohibiting smoking in bars
75
Definition of Disease Prevention
Focuses on reducing the development and severity of chronic diseases
Focuses on reducing the development and severity of other morbidities
76
System examples:
policies for smoke-free zones, adding a tax to unhealthy food options
Add new bike paths, fresh foods
Implementing new technologies, replicating a proven health promotion model
Adding parks
77
Example of Micro level: (comt: community, pop: Population)
Emphasize well-being of the patient
Administering and evaluating a health program
Formulating policies, plans, programs
Assessment/Identification/Prioritization of pub health needs in comt, pop
78
Policy, systems, and environment:
shoe laces
Economic, social, or physical environment
Functional organizational components (systems)
Improved laws, rules, and/or regulations (policy)
79
Social and community context goal: Increase social and community support
False
True
80
10 Great Public Health Achievements – US 1900-1999 (20th century)
7. Healthier mothers and babies 🤱
8. Family planning 👪
5. Decline in deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke ♥️
6. Safer and healthier foods 🥗
81
Healthcare access and quality goal: Increase access to comprehensive, high-quality health care services.
True
False
82
Example of Assurance at Local level
Resources to help smokers quit in multiple languages
Federal grants for anti-smoking research
Funding for campaign through proposition 99
83
Political Voice example: related to communities empowerment to improve influences on their health and well being
True
False
84
USPSTF recommends that Grade A & B services offered in primary care settings to pts who meet theirestablished criteria.
True
False
85
There are 8 determinants/major influences on rural health disparities (GOD-IS-DAP)
False
True
86
10 Public Health Services (Assurance)
Build and maintain a strong organizational infrastructure for public health
Improve/innovate through eval, research, and quality improvement.
Build a diverse and skilled workforce
Enable equitable access
87
Public Health Surveillance Activities:
Data collection, analysis, interpretation, dissemination
Descriptive methods: various methods of describing and summarizing data
Inferential methods = null hypothesis
Inferential methods: data that is analyzed stats. after description/summary
88
Examples of SDH, Health Care Access and Quality:
Intervention Discussions
Preventative Health Measures
Insurance
89
Education access and quality goal: Increase educational opportunities & help children and adolescents do well in school
True
False
90
Types of health promotion and disease prevention activities (Communication)
Raising awareness about healthy behaviors for the general public
Socks
verbal/written strategies promotes good changes in attitudes and behaviors
e.g., health fair, newsletter, media campaign
91
Social capital
Can be an asset or barrier to health interventions
Includes reciprocity, cooperation, and trust among community members
Strong community ties often present
61.9% rural adults married compared to 50.8% urban
92
Relevance of pharmacist involvement in public health
Dispensing of medication
Being an accessible resource for health/medication info
Offering patient-oriented, administrative and public health functions.
Provides pharmacotherapy, access to care, and prevention services
93
ReGSVD: Race/ethnicity
Blacks have higher risk of CV death than whites
Native americans have higher all-cause mortality rate than whites
94
Prominent events in the history of public health (Prevention and policy):
Tobacco Laws: Laws banning smoking in public places
Obesity: Food labeling and promotion of physical activity
Book of leviticus: the worlds first written health code → leprosy policies
95
Example of Assurance at Federal level
Resources to help smokers quit in multiple languages
Funding for campaign through proposition 99
Federal grants for anti-smoking research
96
Three core functions of Public health are Assessment, Policy Development, and Assurance
True
False
97
(USPSTF) Grade C: Selectively offering or providing this service to individual patients
At least moderate certainty that the net benefit is small
Based on professional judgment or patient preferences.
98
Examples of SDH, Social and Community Context:
Positive communication within the family
Interpersonal relationships with people in school and workplaces
Physical activity
99
Policy examples:
Implementing new technologies, replicating a proven health promotion model
Add new bike paths, fresh foods
Adding parks
policies for smoke-free zones, adding a tax to unhealthy food options
100
American Public Health Association states public health is
where they, live, learn, work and play
Public health promotes the health of people and the communities

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