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AP Psych Exam Review
AP Psych Exam Review
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1
When running for class president, Edy puts pictures of herself everywhere. Why might this help
mere-exposure effect
deindividuation
central route persuasion
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
2
What percent of people score between 70 and 130 on the WISC (M: 100, SD:15)
95
68
84
50
3
What theory of emotion are cognitive psychologists likely to support
Schachter two-factor theory
social facilitation theory
James-Lange theory
opponent process theory
4
when first born, humans' dominant sense is
hearing
sight
touch
smell
5
learned helplessness is most likely to be directly related to
the Oedipus complex
unconditional positive regard
the self-serving bias
an external locus of control
6
Lara is attracted to Craig but can't stand his friends and family. Her conflict is classified
approach-approach
approach-avoidance
avoidance-avoidance
she does not have a conflict
7
which is an example of an implicit memory
recalling the name of your JH math teacher
recognizing a celebrity
describing the taste of a birthday cake
remembering how to tie your shoelace
8
Bandura's Bobo doll experiment evidenced the importance of __________ in social learning
mirror neurons
sublimation
modeling
latent learning
9
Elizabeth Loftus' research on wording and misinformation effects on memory best demonstrate
the role of the hippocampus in memory
the serial position effect
the rate at which people forget information
the reconstructive nature of memory
10
seeing someone at the grocery store and remembering their name is an example of
retroactive memory
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
episodic memory
recall
11
which of the following is most likely to lead to a confabulated memory
proactive interference
leading questions
brain injury
relearning effect
12
children who suffer brain damage can regain function more quickly than older patients due to
contralateral control
neuroplasticity
hemispheric lateralization
effective psychological environment
13
In the 3-box model of information processing, memories are first stored in
procedural memory
long-term memory
short-term memory
sensory memory
14
The ability to solve a new computer game based on logical puzzles probably depends on
aptitude intelligence
fluid intelligence
multiple intelligences
crystallized intelligence
15
Someone who fails an exam and reacts by studying longer probably has this locus of control
fundamental
external
situational
internal
16
Amy has a cat. The first time she sees a rabbit she calls it a cat. Her mistake is due to
assimilation
discrimination
accommodation
habituation
17
Which is an important technique used by humanist psychologists during therapy
secondary central dispositions
defense mechanisms
factor analysis
unconditional positive regard
18
which of the following terms applies to IQ tests
standardized
triarchic
achievement
projective
19
people who catch violent movies are more likely to behave violently: this statement reflects
insight learning
counterconditioning
observational learning
latent learning
20
After repeated firings, neural connections are strengthened. What is this process
long-term potentiation
semantic encoding
state-dependent memory
proactive interference
21
which structure is part of the inner ear
malleus (hammer)
auditory canal
basilar membrane
tympanic membrane
22
Lana learns how to be goalie as her coach gradually rolls the ball faster at parts the goal
higher-order conditioning
law of effect
behavior shaping
token economy
23
A doctor determining whether an accident caused structural damage to the brain would use
EEG
MRI
PET
rTMS
24
When like-minded groups take more extreme positions than individuals comprising the group
deindividuation
groupthink
group polarization
social facilitation
25
Delusions and hallucinations are most characteristic of
antisocial personality disorder
schizophrenia
obsessive-compulsive disorder
dissociative identity disorder
26
classical conditioning involves __________; operant conditioning involves __________
learned responses; physiological reactions
pairing stimuli; rewards and punishments
schedules; punishers
fixed intervals; variable ratios
27
Which is a common criticism of Freud's personality theory
his evidence comes from therapy sessions, not empirical data
it doesn't apply to people with disorders
Genetics was not advanced enough to be used as Freud tried
his research wasn't representative of the population
28
Research indicates that which factor most influences one's sexual orientation
hormones released in the womb
parenting style
masculine/feminine personality traits
traumatic childhood experiences
29
According to Freud, what is the dominant factor in determining our personality traits
parenting styles
genetics and nutrition
secondary drives and needs
unconscious conflicts
30
When Susie went to prom with Dan, Max channeled his feelings of frustration into artwork
projection
displacement
reaction formation
sublimation
31
According to Kohlberg, in order to reason at the postconventional level, people must
have been exposed to good, moral role models
believe in God
resolve the integrity vs. despair conflict
be able to take another person's perspective
32
Which part of the brain is "newest" in an evolutionary sense
pons
cerebellum
hypothalamus
cerebral cortex
33
Pat is laughing because she just won the lottery. Sal thinks she is a fun person. Sal's opinion
is influenced by the norm of reciprocity
is influenced by the fundamental attribution error
is influenced by the just world hypothesis
is influenced by the self-serving bias
34
which social psychology principle best explains prejudice
individualism
self-serving bias
compliance strategies
in-group bias
35
Which personality theory is criticized for its overly optimistic view of human nature
cognitive
humanistic
trait
psychoanalytic
36
4YO Kate sits right in front of all the other kids to watch a magician. According to Piaget,
Kate cannot reason hypothetically
Kate has a lack of conservation
Kate is demonstrating egocentrism
Kate lacks object permanence
37
REM sleep deprivation generally causes what kinds of side effects
interference with memory tasks
sleep apnea and night terrors
intense, prolonged periods of Stage 3 & 4 sleep
heightened manifest dream content
38
physiological reactions like surprise or shock are controlled by which part of the NS
somatic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
serotonin system
endocrine system
39
Reading a job description written with masculine pronouns, people think of the employee as male
gender schema theory
linguistic relativity hypothesis
the social role hypothesis
principle of continuity
40
Which question would be most useful to test Kohlberg's idea of pre & post-conventional morality
what is the best way to respond to a baby crying in her crib
If 3 are taken from a group of 12, how many are left
should you tell a small lie to not hurt someone's feelings
at what age can children reason abstractly
41
Maria slams the car door and yells at her kids. Now when they hear a car door slam they cringe
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
observational learning
instrumental learning
42
How would drive reduction theory explain a person eating half a bowl of M&M's and stopping
people eat in moderation to prevent being seen as selfish
they were satisfying the 2nd step on the hierarchy of needs
the person stopped when their body had reached homeostasis
humans are instinctively driven to eat sugar and fat
43
A teacher whose class culture encourages intrinsic motivation uses which management style
approach-avoidance
theory Y
James-Lange
postconventional
44
An EEG of Cyrus after he has been asleep for about an hour would show primarily
alpha waves
delta waves
sleep spindles
beta waves
45
What kind of therapy involves both cognitive and behavioral interventions
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
counterconditioning
rational emotive behavior therapy
46
Which best summarizes the results of Tolman's latent learning experiment
reinforcement had little impact on the rats' performance
rats who explored the maze first ran faster when reinforced
rats that were continually reinforced ran the maze faster
rats that received punishment ran the maze faster
47
Knowledge of different categories of trees is an example of what type of long-term memory
eidetic memory
episodic memory
semantic memory
procedural memory
48
if the College Board left out questions about neuroscience on the AP exam, the test would lack
content validity
test-retest reliability
predictive validity
split-half reliability
49
At what age is the onset of schizophrenia most typical
early 20s
mid 30s
late 40s
puberty
50
A medication prescribed for major depression would most likely act on which neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
dopamine
serotonin
adrenaline
51
en route
to the visual cortex, information from the eyes' retinas crosses at the
optic chiasm
fovea
feature detectors
optic nerve
52
A teacher ignoring her students' prior grades so her opinion of them is not influenced avoids
cognitive dissonance
self-fulfilling prophecy
fundamental attribution error
self-serving bias
53
Which technique would be most helpful in avoiding the problems associated with groupthink
responding to deindividuation among group members
increasing group polarization within different groups
encouraging contrary opinions within the group
identifying approach-avoidance conflicts
54
Which theory explains how experiences from infancy through old age influence personality
Kohlberg's moral development theory
Piaget's cognitive development theory
Harlow's contact comfort theory
Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
55
Which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to prejudice
out-group homogeneity
stereotyping
superordinate goals
scapegoating
56
the limbic system plays an important role in
regulating emotion
processing sensory information
maintaining balance
planning for the future
57
Most people can taste 1g of salt in 1qt of water. Which concept is related to this statement
frequency theory
absolute threshold
difference threshold
sensory adaptation
58
Which statement best represents the relationship between performance and arousal
performance is best at low and high levels of arousal
performance steadily increases as arousal increases
too little or too much arousal is harmful to performance
performance continually decreases as arousal increases
59
Abraham Maslow theorized that people are motivated by
desire to achieve in the eyes of others
achieving physiological homeostasis
reinforcement of primary and secondary needs
satisfying needs on a hierarchy
60
which type of therapist is most likely to prescribe lithium for a patient with bipolar disorder
psychiatrist
psychoanalyst
clinical psychologist
cognitive psychotherapist
61
According to humanist theory, psychological disorders are most likely caused by
neurochemical imbalances
learned associations
unfulfilled needs
unhealthy attributional styles
62
which psychologist would agree w/the following: behavior results from reinforcers & punishers
William James
Carl Rogers
Albert Bandura
B.F. Skinner
63
Choosing 20 people at random from a large lecture class of 400 is an example of
representative assignment
random sampling
assignment to conditions
random assignment
64
A librarian gives a prize for every five books students read. Her schedule of reinforcement is
fixed ratio
fixed variable
variable interval
continuous
65
Which is one of the key factors distinguishing major depressive disorder from sadness
lasts longer than 2 weeks without an obvious cause
sadness is paired with heightened senses and mania
specific changes in the brain
normal sadness is much less intense than depression
66
which disorder would respond best to cognitive behavioral therapy
schizophrenia
dissociative identity disorder
bipolar disorder
major depressive disorder
67
Erikson's initiative vs. guilt stage is most closely related to Freud's
anal stage
oral stage
latency period
phallic stage
68
Dan is a toddler who avoids eye contact and resists to changes to routine. He shows symptoms of
Down syndrome
autism spectrum disorder
mental retardation
fetal alcohol syndrome
69
our ability to perceive depth depends on what other perceptual abilities
top-down and bottom-up processing
binocular and monocular cues
proximity and similarity
vestibular and kinesthetic senses
70
When Jake is late to basketball practice his coach makes him run laps. Jake is not late again
modeling
positive reinforcement
positive punishment
negative reinforcement
71
damage to the occipital region of the brain would most likely affect which sense
touch
sight
hearing
balance
72
Sherif's Robbers Cave study indicates that this principle best reduces tensions between groups
group polarization
diffusion of responsibility
deindividuation
superordinate goals
73
psychogenic amnesia is an indication of which kind of psychological disorder
dissociative
personality
anixety
schizophrenic
74
Which of the following models of personality is the least deterministic
biological
humanistic
evolutionary
psychodynamic
75
One group receives an ad for 99% fat free milk; the other for 1% fat milk. What being tested
confirmation bias
inattentional blindness
framing effects
representativeness heuristic
76
which structure in the eye is most responsible for color vision
cones
optic nerve
cornea
rods
77
what is the first step in any example of classical conditioning
following a response with a reinforcement or punishment
rewarding a conditioned response with a conditioned stimulus
pairing an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus
reinforcing for a behavior similar to the desired behavior
78
Which theory would assert that a key motivation for people is spreading their genetic material
cognitive
psychodynamic
humanistic
evolutionary
79
what kind of symptom is common among all somatic symptom disorders
experiencing a physical problem without a physical cause
substance abuse and dependence
disconnection from reality and delusions
inappropriate or flat affect
80
The case study of Phineas Gage was significant because it was one of the the first examples of
using a CAT scan to document the extent of the injury
a specific brain area associated with emotional changes
treatment with drugs that alter neurotransmission
treating a brain-damaged patient with psychotherapy
81
which would a researcher need to use to determine whether experiment data is significant
standard deviation
counterbalancing
inferential statistics
descriptive statistics
82
A musician who signs a recording contract stops playing for fun. This is best explained by
social learning theory
the law of effect
latent learning
the overjustification effect
83
Which is most directly involved in the electrical aspect of neurotransmission
neurotransmiters
terminal button
synaptic cleft
myelin
84
Withdrawal symptoms are most directly caused by this process
tolerance
antagonists
activation-synthesis
dissociation
85
Someone who can't move the muscles needed for accurate speech might have brain damage where
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
hippocampus
Gage's area
86
turning up the volume on a radio changes which aspect of sound
amplitude of the wave
frequency of the wave
transduction of the wave
pitch of the tone
87
How would a psychometrician interpret an IQ score of 145
the person has high verbal bot low logical intelligence
three standard deviations above the mean of 100
well below the average of 200
slightly above average
88
What kind of personality theorist would be most interested in the results of the MMPI
biological
humanistic
psychoanalytic
trait
89
If Pavlov's dogs began to salivate when they heard a sound similar to a bell they would show
stimulus generalization
unconditioned response
spontaneous recovery
stimulus discrimination
90
Of the following, children will most likely develop this skill first
cut with a knife
clap their hands
say a sentence
write with a pencil
91
Garcia and Koelling's research on aversions established which UCS/CS pairs as most powerful
performing a task and receiving food
punishment and aversion
movement and electrical shocks
nausea and food or drink
92
If a distribution of scores includes outliers, which measure of central tendency should be used
standard deviation
range
mean
median
93
which of the following most impacts the speed of motor development
early gross motor practice
myelination of brain neurons
secure attachment with parents
concrete operational exercises
94
what is the principle tool used in all forms of psychotherapy
cognitive-behavioral interventions
secondary preventions
talking to a patient
biomedical interventions
95
Why are psychoanalysts interested in talking with patients about dreams
counter conditioned behaviors are often revealed in dreams
disturbing dreams are obstacles to self actualization
symbols in dreams represent unconscious conflicts
neurotransmitter anomalies cause dream disturbances
96
Which best describes how neurons communicate with one another
electrical signals between two myelin sheaths
hormones jump from one axon to the next
physical contact between dendrites
chemical signals at the synaptic cleft
97
Harlow's rhesus monkey experiment illustrated
that language is a uniquely human skill
that primates can make and use tools
the danger of separating babies from their natural parents
the importance of physical contact to development
98
An artist making a drawing could use which of the following to add depth to the picture
convergence
closure
linear perspective
retinal disparity
99
which of the following statistics provides most information about how spread out a data set is
range
median
standard deviation
mean
100
Ryan suffers from constant, low-level arousal of his autonomic NS. He most likely suffers from
generalized anxiety disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
major depressive disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
101
Which is most closely associated with creativity
functional fixedness
hypothesis testing
divergent thinking
contextual intelligence
102
a test which places someone into personality categories (e.g.extravert/introvert) is based on
trait theory
biological theory
psychodynamic theory
social cognitive theroy
103
an A+ grade in a class is which kind of reinforcer
partial
secondary
primary
continuous
104
A test that identifies people with the potential to be great lawyers is an example of a(n)
IQ test
achievement test
aptitude test
EQ test
105
A low level of glucose in Sam's bloodstream would most likely make him want to
eat a meal
go for a run
pursue a romantic interest
make new friends
106
What is the purpose of the DSM
discuss theories related to the treatment of disorders
list the diagnostic criteria and symptoms of disorders
describe the biopsychosocial causes of disorders
explain the symptoms and cures of disorders
107
Restarting your printer over and over but failing to notice it is out of paper demonstrates
divergent thinking
a mental set
belief perseverance
low experiential intelligence
108
testing the problem-solving skills of 10, 20, and 30-year-olds in a study uses this method
developmental study
social-cognitive study
cross-sectional study
longitudinal study
109
patients who are described as "split brain" have had what structure removed
prefrontal cortex
hippocampus
medulla oblongata
corpus callosum
110
How would a person with schizophrenia most differ from a person with a dissociative disorder
a person with schizophrenia experiences hallucinations
a person with a dissociative disorder has delusions
a person with dissociative disorder has trouble keeping jobs
a person with schizophrenia has more than one personality
111
in the nature vs. nurture debate, nature is most closely associated with
family
environment
temperament
culture
112
the somatic nervous system is part of the
peripheral nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
central nervous system
113
what kinds of motivations best encourage positive behaviors to persist over time
extrinsic motivation
primary drives
intrinsic motivation
need for achievement
114
According to Piaget, when we can't ______ new information, we change our schemas through ______
reward : punishment
assimilate : accomodate
reduce : stereotypes
ignore : adaptation
115
In people, rods, unlike cones,
are unable to detect motion
are located in the center of the retina
respond more quickly to colors
have a lower absolute threshold for light
116
a musicians ability to discern between 2 similar pitches depends on which concept
absolute threshold
difference threshold
bottom up processing
signal detection theory
117
James is interested in the processing strategies children use to learn new information. He is a
clinical psychologist
personality psychologist
sociocultural psychologist
cognitive psychologist
118
You girlfriend dumps you. "I always knew she was bad news" your friend says. This demonstrates
overconfidence
self-serving bias
a theory
hindsight bias
119
A therapist who tells a client to write down their depressed thoughts is using this perspective
behavioral
structuralist
pharmacological
cognitive
120
After studying for weeks and taking an AP exam, Conrad gets the flu. What theory explains this
Selye's general adaptation syndrome
Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory
Yerkes-Dodson law
James-Lange theory of emotion
121
authoritarian parents demonstrate
low warmth and low control
high warmth and high control
high warmth and low control
low warmth and high control
122
What number will tell Matt whether his research is statistically significant
a correlation coefficient close to .75
a standard deviation of 4 or more
a probability of chance less than 5%
a mean that is the same as the median
123
What area of psychology focuses on subjective well-being, optimism, self-esteem, and happiness
positive psychology
psychometrics
health psychology
social psychology
124
After a natural disaster Faye says, "Serves them right for not having better warning systems."
false consensus effect
just world bias
self-serving bias
Barnum effect
125
The fact that our ears are located on opposite sides of our head best helps us with
hearing high frequencies
detecting absolute threshold
sound localization
sensory adaptation
126
a charity includes free address labels in its fundraising letters to increase contributions
out-group homogeneity
fundamental attribution error
reciprocity norm
self-fulfilling prophecy
127
In a class of 25 students, all but 2 score between 82 and 94. The 2 scores of 47 and 55 are
outliers
normally distributed
variances
modes
128
What factors are ignored when people commit the fundament attribution error
dispositional
social
situational
behavioral
129
Vance's psychiatrist diagnoses him with bipolar disorder. Which medication would he prescribe
SSRIs
benzodiazepines
lithium
L-Dopa
130
People who are easily hypnotizable are likely to score highly on which Big 5 trait
openness
conscientiousness
neuroticism
extraversion
131
What research method could study the relationship between owning a hybrid car and being vegan
experiment
correlation study
case study
naturalistic observation
132
What was one of the factors that increased conformity in Asch's studies
wearing guard uniforms
presence of an authority figure
size of the group
placebo effect
133
10 YO Genna underwent a right hemispherectomy. What action best shows her neuroplasticity
understanding what was said to her
solving a logic problem
moving her left hand
speaking aloud
134
which kinds of personality theorists would make use of a projective test
social-cognitive
trait
humanist
psychoanalyst
135
A variable ratio of reinforcement is often preferable to a fixed ratio because
variable ratio schedules are more resistant to extinction
fixed ratio schedules are more time intensive
fixed ratios allow both classical and operant learning
variable ratio schedules produce the quickest results
136
Which of the following is found in Jung's model of the collective unconscious
repressed memories
functional fixedness
archetypes
inferiority complexes
137
An American's prototype of a chair is most likely to include
four legs and a seat
an armchair, chairlift, and wheelchair
pens, pencils, and a computer
a desk and/or table
138
Julie is more alert in the morning; John in the evening. This is because of differences in
personalities
daily activities
circadian rhythm
sleep cycles
139
A person who experiences flashbacks after a serious car accident is likely to be diagnosed with
post-traumatic stress disorder
dissociative identity disorder
panic disorder
bipolar disorder
140
which 2 competing theories explain the effects of hypnosis
role theory and dissociation theory
conscious level and non conscious level
manifest content and latent content
circadian rhythm and paradoxical sleep
141
A personality test which calls Jan an extravert the first time and an introvert the next lacks
aptitude measures
test-retest reliability
standardization
construct validity
142
A person with a painful skin rash finds hard scratching temporarily relieves the pain
gate-control theory
transduction theory
opponent-process theory
frequency theory
143
Which of the following has been linked to a deficit of dopamine
Parkinson's disease
major depressive disorder
autism
Alzheimer's disease
144
Ani believes she is capable of succeeding in nursing school. Her mindset is associated with
high self-efficacy
an extraverted personality
low self-esteem
a strong superego
145
What would Piaget test to see if a child is in pre-operational or concrete operational stage
object permanence
universal ethical principles
attachment
conservation
146
negative reinforcers __________ a stimulus in order to ___________ a behavior
remove : decrease
add : decrease
remove : punish
remove : increase
147
Sigmund Freud made this perspective popular in Western Europe at the turn of the 20th century
behavioral
cognitive
evolutionary
psychoanalytic
148
Intelligence researchers like Gardner and Sternberg argue that schools focus too much on
nonessential subjects like art and music
traditional and analytical subjects and methods
meeting the needs of students with disabilities
environmental factors that influence intelligence
149
the "c" in the word
cat
is best described as a
phoneme
morpheme
holobase
grapheme
150
Runners in a park increase their speed when another runner comes into view. This illustrates
conformity
social roles
social facilitation
disinhibition
151
Which of the therapies below is no longer used to treat patients
gestalt therapy
electro-convulsive shock therapy
free association
prefrontal lobotomy
152
Which concept is most relevant to Noam Chomsky's theory of how children learn language
language acquisition device
phonemes and morphemes
serial position effect
linguistic relativity hypothesis
153
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment studied what developmental concept
motor development
parenting style
attachment
assimilation
154
which brain structure is involved in hunger motivation
medulla
cerebellum
hypothalamus
amygdala
155
which newborn reflex helps infants find and eat food
stepping
Moro
Babinski
rooting
156
which technique controls for both experimenter and subject bias
single blind study
counterbalancing
double blind study
Hawthorne effect
157
What is true about experiments that is not of other research methods
they involve more research participants than other studies
they take place in more realistic, real-life settings
they can determine causal relationships between variables
they can gather data from a large number of people quickly
158
Which structure is located at the most central and protected part of the brain
cerebral cortex
cerebellum
sensory cortex
medulla
159
Milgram's obedience study was criticized based on what ethical grounds
lack of informed consent
violation of confidentiality
risk of psychological harm
lack of debriefing
160
counterconditioning lies at the heart of which therapeutic approach
REBT
token economies
systematic desensitization
client-centered therapy
161
Which best explains the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
people follow a pattern of alarm, resistance, exhaustion
an event causes an emotion and a physiological response
perceived control over life reduces stress and improves mood
physiological reaction and cognitive labeling cause emotion
162
Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism states personality results from the interaction of
rewards, punishments, and reinforcers
traits, the environment, and behavior
id, ego, and superego
genetics, the unconscious, and social facilitation
163
light enters the eye through an opening in the
blind spot
fovea
iris
retina