What is the primary focus of sociology?

Systematic study of human society and group relationships

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

All gender stereotypes have a negative connotation

How does the reality principle work?

It interprets the desires of the id and superego and puts them into action

Karl Marx’s concept of class consciousness refers to:

Workers shared awareness of their exploitation & need for collective action

Durkheim described modern societies as characterized by:

Organic solidarity with specialized roles.

Which of the following is characteristic of higher-income countries?

They were among the first to industrialize

Which of the following was a significant effect of the Industrial Revolution?

A large-scale population shift from rural to urban areas

The term “second shift” refers to the fact that many women

are still responsible for housework in addition to working outside the home

Which of the following statements about socialized medicine is FALSE?

Access to care is determined based on social class

In pre-industrial societies, children are often educated:

by observing family members performing daily tasks

a change in position within the social hierarchy

Why are theories important in social sciences?

Theories help us see overall themes across many specific types of behaviors

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Sociology Week 18

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Answers

1
McDonaldization is built on which of Max Weber’s theories?
Social action
Verstehen
Rationalization
Bureaucracy
2
When men work in jobs that are disproportionately held by women & are promoted more quickly than female colleagues
glass escalator
double bed
glass ceiling
layered glass ceiling
3
What is the primary focus of sociology?
Evolution of human societies over time
Individual attitudes and behaviors
Biological basis of human interactions
Systematic study of human society and group relationships
4
Taboos are norms which are absolutely forbidden by the culture.
True
False
5
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
Gender & sex are not the same thing
Men & women have different biological sex characteristics
All gender stereotypes have a negative connotation
All gender stereotypes include overgeneralization about men & women
6
How does the reality principle work?
It suppresses the desires of the id
It reacts immediately of the id
It suppresses the influence of the superego
It interprets the desires of the id and superego and puts them into action
7
The respect and approval we receive from other members of our group is referred to by sociologists as
power
social class
influence
prestige
8
Which stage is the struggle between intimacy and isolation most common?
young adulthood stage
middle adulthood stage
adolescent stage
latency stage
9
Sociocultural evolution refers to the idea that as time passes, society becomes more __________.
perfect
complex
moral
fixed
10
Identify the type of sociologist Robert Merton was.
Functionalist
Conflict theorist
Interactionist
Activist
11
Rigid endogamy is associated with which type of system?
Class
Caste
Stratification
Matrilocality
12
__________ methods of research rely on personal observation and description to form conclusions on behavior.
Qualitative
Quantitative
Statistical
Indirect
13
Mark is born with the chromosomes XYY. Based only on this information, which category of people does Mark fall into?
intersexed people
bisexuals
transexuals
homosexuals
14
Herbert Spencer coined which phrase?
Survival of the fittest
Process of evolution
Societal organism
Structural-functionalist perspective
15
Sociologists use the term __________ variable instead of "cause" and dependent variable instead of "effect."
free
random
control
independent
16
The __________ states that it is natural and acceptable for the elderly to begin to withdraw from society.
Activity theory
Continuity theory
Disengagement theory
Conflict theory
17
Karl Marx’s concept of class consciousness refers to:
The capitalist class’s awareness of their privilege.
A government-imposed understanding of class boundaries.
Workers’ acceptance of their low status.
Workers shared awareness of their exploitation & need for collective action
18
A population in which people interact and share common interests is called a
town
nation
city
society
19
Sociology first developed as a distinct discipline in the ___________ century.
19th
16th
18th
17th
20
Durkheim described modern societies as characterized by:
Mechanical solidarity with uniform values.
A return to homogenous, traditional life.
A complete absence of social cohesion.
Organic solidarity with specialized roles.
21
Which of the following is characteristic of higher-income countries?
They are not capital intensive
They use workers rather than technology
They were among the first to industrialize
They do not have poor people
22
Novels on a bestseller’s list would most likely be considered part of
high culture
low culture
popular culture
an anti-culture
23
An elderly adult who feels content about her life is experiencing
stagnation
generativity
autonomy
ego integrity
24
“Push” factors in migration include all of the following EXCEPT
unemployment
travel costs
religious intolerance
poor climatic conditions
25
Overgeneralization about the characteristics of an entire group based on gender is known as:
sex stereotypes
genderism
sexism
gender stereotypes
26
The biological potential to give birth is called
fertility
genetics
fecundity
eugenics
27
Which of the following was a significant effect of the Industrial Revolution?
A large-scale population shift from rural to urban areas
Increasing numbers of English people emigration to Scotland and Wales
An increased appreciation for the tranquility of rural life
A decrease in the use of agricultural technology
28
The term “second shift” refers to the fact that many women
are still responsible for housework in addition to working outside the home
work off hours, earlier or later than 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M.
contribute relatively little to the family income
work more than one job
29
Which of the following statements about socialized medicine is FALSE?
It is government-owned, operated and regulated
It is mainly funded by tax revenue
There are limits on how much a doctor can charge
Access to care is determined based on social class
30
Which of the following is controversial because it goes against the Hippocratic Oath?
Chemotherapy
Physician-assisted suicide
Organ donation
Do not resuscitate lists
31
What expression BEST illustrates a gender stereotype?
Women represent a gender
Men represent a gender
Women are gossipy
According to a Census, there are more women than men in the US
32
The scientific study of population is called
sociology
demography
fecundity
antrhopology
33
Jewish Americans, police officers, and college students could all be characterized as
ethnic groups
racial groups
countercultures
subcultures
34
This refers to the system by which schools categorize students.
Stratification
Socialization
Social inequality
Sorting
35
__________ is a "mark of social disgrace," where others recognize the person's deviance.
sanction
stigma
schema
taboo
36
In pre-industrial societies, children are often educated:
in community centers staffed by volunteers
by observing family members performing daily tasks
in places of worship using a faith-based curriculum
in formal public or private schools
37
Which of the following models sees power as revolving around class and economic status?
Power-elite model
Pluralist model
World-view model
Marxist model
38
Overurbanization is the condition where population growth outpaces __________ growth.
territorial
agricultural
technological
industrial
39
In the U.S. what is the most preventable cause of many health Issues?
smoking
eating disorders
santiation issues
STDs
40
A peer group is an association of self-selected equals based on friendship, a sense of belonging, and acceptance.
True
False
41
A postindustrial society is based on information, knowledge, and selling of __________
services
crops
labor
natural resources
42
__________ is the confusion that arises when social norms conflict or don't even exist.
Anomie
Dissonance
Stigma
Anarchy
43
__________ refers to a group identified based on their common language, national heritage, or cultural practices.
Culture
Ethnicity
Generation
Race
44
A nuclear family is any family members who live together.
True
False
45
The division of society into status positions is called
social mobility
social evaluation
the power elite
stratification
46
Social mobility is:
losing prestige due to public disgrace
a change in reputation that is only temporary
a change in position within the social hierarchy
‘moving up’ in society
47
Which of the following is NOT a principle of social stratification?
It is static in all societies
It is universal yet variable
It continues from generation to generation.
It is a characteristic of society not a reflection of individual diversity
48
A cult is a religious organization, which typically forms in protest to a larger denomination.
False
True
49
Approximately twenty percent of US seniors live in poverty.
False
True
50
The measure or assessment of consistency of scores across time or different contexts is called __________.
internal validity
reliability
face validitiy
external validity
51
Why are theories important in social sciences?
Theories allow us to control behavior
Theories present conflict in society
Theories help us see overall themes across many specific types of behaviors
Theories can prove why people make certain decisions.
52
_________ societies have dedicated animals as their primary source of food.
Horticultural
Agricultural
Hunter-gatherer
Pastoral
53
__________ is the process of discarding behavioral practices and adopting new ones.
Integration
Resocialization
Rehabilitation
Assimilation
54
The three sociological perspectives, or paradigms, are __________ interactionism, functionalism, and conflict theory.
concrete
behavioral
cognitive
symbolic
55
Social control helps societies maintain
social sanctions
collective effervescence
social order
activism
56
A city cannot develop without
two or more developing industries
enough available housing to accommodate a min annual pop increase of 4%
a population of young adults who are ready to move to a new area
an agricultural surplus
57
Resilience in the face of problems is an example of:
external pressure
internal containment
external containment
internal pressure
58
Sociology helps us grow as individuals by:
Focusing solely on historical analysis
Promoting only traditional values
Encouraging conformity to societal norms
Teaching critical thinking and diversity appreciation
59
Sociological __________ is the ability to see that social forces affect individual lives.
awareness
intuition
perception
imagination
60
If a group’s primary goal is to finish a project as efficiently as possible, which type of leader will they prefer?
Compliant
Instrumental
Democratic
Cohesive
61
Mores are norms of moral and __________ significance, and violation of these would offend most people of a culture.
little
polite
ethical
casual
62
The Islamic religion is based on
theism
atheism
monotheism
polytheism
63
Preventing crime by instilling fear in the general population through punishment of offenders is known as __ deterrence.
direct
specific
general
physical
64
__________ racism is racism which has been codified into society's institutions of custom, practice, and law.
Socialized
Individual
Institutionalized
Rational
65
One tenet of the crime control model is strict and swift punishment for a crime.
True
False
66
Millenarian religious movements
are similar to reform movements
predicts the world will come to an end
are more spiritual than other types of religious movements
are a product of Western culture
67
Core countries are the dominant capitalist industrialized countries.
True
False
68
The word __________ refers to religious symbols, objects, and Rituals.
holy
cult
artifact
sacred
69
The formalized enactment of religious beliefs is called
churches
dogma
revelations
rituals
70
The Hawthorne effect is where subjects of a study change their behavior if they know they are being studied.
True
False
71
Medicaid is an example of privately-funded healthcare.
True
False
72
What is a Greek word meaning ‘description of people’?
Democratic
Deconstruction
Demonstration
Demography
73
A(n) __________ exists when a small number of organizations or individuals control a product or service.
monopoly
industry
cartel
oligopoly
74
Who is considered the founder of sociology?
Auguste Comte
Herbert Spencer
Max Weber
Emile Durkheim
75
Which of the following individuals is LEAST likely to be labeled as deviant?
A government official
A single mother
A homeless man
A car salesman
76
In an __________ family, parents and children live with other close Relatives.
nuclear
adoptive
extended
informal
77
Which of the following is true of impression management?
It is only used in formal situations
It involves verbal communication only
It involves nonverbal communication only
We use it all the time
78
__________ countries are somewhat industrialized.
Semi-periphery
Core
Periphery
Third-world
79
Which term is used to describe a small community characterized by strong social bonds and shared values?
Alienation
Gemeinschaft
Anomie
Verstehen
80
Secularization is the process by which people are
seeking new religious interpretations
searching for religious revelations
influenced by religious beliefs
less influenced by religious beliefs
81
What type of research is based on data that cannot be measured but can be collected and interpreted through observation?
Qualitative
Quantitative
All research conducted in social sciences
None are correct
82
Which of the following is an example of violating a more?
Cutting to the front of a long line
Refusing to shake someone’s hand when meeting them
Failing to hold the door open for the person behind you
Fleeing the scene of a car crash
83
__________ is where a person judges other cultures against the standards of his own culture.
Ethnocentrism
Racism
Xenophobia
Cultural relativism
84
The most commonly used method of observation by sociologists is the ? method, which involves asking the subjects of the
Quantitative
Survey
Forum
Socratic
85
A company that has holdings in several different industries is called a
conglomerate
multinational
monopoly
corporation
86
Which of the following is an example of criminal deviance?
Being late to work
Driving on the wrong side of the road
Not attending class
Singning in a public restroom
87
Feminism seeks to address inequalities in:
Religion only
Gender representation & fairness
Sports-related rules exclusively
Biological differences
88
According to Emile Durkheim, deviance is
disturbing, functional, and disruptive
disruptive, normal, and infrequent
infrequent, unwarranted, and functional
functional, normal, and universally present
89
Many school systems place students in classes based on their ability, social class, or other characteristics. This is
manifest functions of education
testing out
tracking
latent functions of education
90
The economic participation ratio is the number of people in the total population who are not in the total workforce.
False
True
91
Recent studies suggest power over another is most likely to be the motivation for which of the following crime?
embezzlement
car theft
murder
rape
92
According to Karl Marx, which group benefits from having a religious belief system?
The Church
None are correct
The poor
The wealthy capitalists
93
Regarding voter turnout, the United States can be described as having
remarkably high voter turnout
one of the highest voter turnouts in the democratic world
one of the lowest voter turnouts in the democratic world
low voter turnout among the elderly
94
A characteristic that can change from individual to individual or group to group is called a(n)
symbol
concept
awareness
imagination
95
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bureaucracy?
Decentralized decision-making
Impersonal relationships
Formalized rules and procedures
Hierarchical structure
96
Marx believed that social stratification resulted from the:
communist
family
class
religious
97
All of the following are examples of a hidden curriculum EXCEPT
not speaking when another member of the class is speaking
developing respect for authority figures like teachers and administrators
filling out a planner to keep track of important assignments
practical skills like budgeting and civic participation
98
The research method that follows a group of subjects over a period of time is called a(n)
cross-sectional study
longitudinal study
open-ended interview
participant observation
99
Role conflict is where some of a person's __________ conflict with each other.
opinions
ideas
values
statuses
100
The conflict between trust and mistrust defines the
adolescent stage
oral-sensory stage
latency stage
locomotor stage
101
Cities differ from rural areas in all of the following ways EXCEPT that cities
have lower birth rates
have fewer moral values
are centers of industry
are centers of commerce and trade
102
__________ is the process of renovating and improving an urban district so that it conforms to middle-class taste.
Gentrification
Renaissance
Stratification
Urban Sprawl
103
Which of the following contributed to the early growth of suburbs?
advances in transportation
decrease in birth rate
decline agriculture
increased population of rural areas
104
Sigmund Freud defined eight stages of psychosocial development.
True
False
105
Women disproportionately work in jobs that
require more emotional labor
provide eduation
pay a family wage
require advanced degrees
106
Alex’s position in the class hierarchy was ascribed to him at birth, with no change possible. Alex lives in:
a closed system
a variable system
a stratfied system
a class system
107
__________ socialization is the socialization that takes a child from birth to a point where he is a member of society.
Primary
Biological
Anticpatory
Secondary
108
What is the primary function of a reference group for an individual?
To offer emotional support
To help shape political & social belifs
To serve as a benchmark for comparison & identity
To provide financial support
109
People are often categorized depending on their __________, but there is no biological basis for this.
race
sex
religion
family
110
Marx referred to the owners of the means of production as the
social class
prestige
owner
influence
111
According to Karl Marx, religion serves primarily as:
An opiate that distracts the oppressed from their real conditions.
A neutral cultural element without social consequences.
A source of rational, scientific knowledge.
A force that encourages revolution and social change.
112
Entering a bank and heading to the back of the line exemplifies this type of rationality.
Subjective rationality
Substantive rationality
Theoretical rationality
Formal rationality
113
Groups that experience groupthink disregard ____________ to maintain harmony in the group.
alternatives
authority
consensus
brainstorming
114
The family of __________ is the group into which a person is born.
procreation
orientation
reference
socialization
115
The study of patterns of change in cities that result from the competition, natural selection, and evolution is
conflict theory
urbanization
urban ecology
social Darwinism
116
Charles Cooley believed that the self is formed through:
Interacting with others and imagining how they view us.
Innate biological instincts
Observing and imitating others without interpretation
Strict adherence to cultural rituals.
117
Which of the following can explain the phenomenon of social loafing?
People think others will leave them all the work.
The media tells us not to vote.
People have high expectations.
People are nervous when other people are present.
118
A sign warning violators of a $200 fine is an example of _____________.
deterrence
rehabilitation
due process
retribution
119
Bob wants to move to the suburbs but cannot. Bob is probably
poor and less educated
educated and elderly
working class and elderly
middle class and less-educated
120
Harriet Martineau believed sociologists should:
Study society’s problems and also work to solve them.
Focus solely on economic systems.
Only observe and never intervene in social issues.
Avoid any reference to ethics or morality.

Sociology Week 18 Flashcards | StudBud