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PSY 350 Exam 3
PSY 350 Exam 3
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1
Researchers propose bilingualism delays dementia by enhancing neural connectivity. This statement describes a:
Moderator
Third variable
Mediator
2
Which of these is
not
a method for addressing the external validity of the conclusions of a small-N study?
Specify that the result applies only to the participant studied
Specify a limited population to which to generalize
Randomly assign people to the treatment and control conditions
Triangulate by comparing results with other research
3
Which option best describes face validity?
The consistency of responses when a test is administered over time
The degree to which a test accurately predicts future outcomes
How well test items seem to measure intended construct based on appearance
The comprehensiveness of the test in covering all aspects of the construct
4
What does a longitudinal design help to establish?
Internal validity
External validity
Construct validity
Temporal precedence
5
Which best describes a cross-lag correlation?
Correlation within single point in time
Correlation between later measure of one variable & earlier of another
Correlation between two variables at the same time
Correlation between earlier measure of 1 variable & later measure of other
6
Which of the following claims is most likely to have been tested in generalization mode?
People who walk faster live longer
Reading stressful news makes adults anxious
Four out of 10 teenagers can't identify fake news when they see it
7
In an interrupted time-series design, the independent variable is typically:
Randomly manipulated at the start
An event or intervention that "interrupts" a sequence of measurements
Unrelated to any time points
Assigned by the researcher at random
8
You hear that conscientious people are more likely to get health checkups. Which correlation would support this claim?
r = -1.0
r = .03
r = -.35
r = .45
9
Present/present bias
Cherry-picking info that supports your hypothesis
Notice what is present and fail to look for a comparison
Overemphasizing comparisons and neglecting the present situation
Focus more on the present situation than the future when making decisions
10
In small-n designs, which method involves observing behavior during a long pre-treatment period to establish a pattern?
Stable baseline design
Reversal design
Interrupted time-series design
Multiple baseline design
11
A bias in intuition that leads people to make judgments based on what's most easily recalled from memory
Confirmation bias
Present/present bias
Hindsight bias
Availability heuristic
12
Which phrase suggests that researchers used multiple regression to account for other variables?
"Tested through experimental manipulation"
"Controlled for"
"Exploratory analysis"
"Analyzed after the fact"
13
What type of study uses the same variables conceptually but different operational definitions?
Replication-plus-extension
Meta-analysis
Conceptual replication
Direct replication
14
Effect size describes the strength of an association and is generally not influenced by sample size.
True
False
15
Which of the following headlines is a frequency claim?
Feeling Fat? Maybe Facebook Is to Blame
Obese Kids Are Less Sensitive to Tastes
Eighty Percent of Women Feel Dissatisfied With How Their Bodies Look
Daycare and Behavior Problems Are Not Linked
16
What is a major limitation of direct replication?
It reduces internal validity
It cannot establish causal relationships
It is too complex to interpret
It replicates any flaws in the original study
17
Employee productivity was tracked weekly before and after new software was introduced. What type of design is this?
Posttest-only design
Interrupted time-series design
Nonequivalent groups design
Reversal design
18
In a reversal design, researchers:
Introduce treatment and then remove it to see if behavior returns
Introduce multiple treatments simultaneously
Measure behaviors once after treatment
Only observe behavior without interventions
19
Which of these is not a reason for a researcher to select a quasi-experimental design?
To ensure internal validity
To enhance external validity
To take advantage of real-world opportunities to study events
To avoid ethical issues a true experiment would cause
20
A study found that people who like spicy foods are risk takers. Which question interrogates the construct validity?
How strong is the effect?
Were there any outliers in the relationship?
How well did they measure each variable: risk taking and liking spicy food?
Did the study use a random sample of people?
21
Which validity would you be assessing by asking: How did researchers get their sample of people for this survey?
Construct validity
Statistical validity
External validity
Internal validity
22
1 treatment group & 1 comparison group, participants measured once and not randomly assigned: which quasi design is this
Reversal design
Factorial design
Nonequivalent control group design
Independent-groups design
23
Which of the following headlines is an association claim?
Workaholism is Tied to Psychiatric Disorders
Handling Money Decreases Helping Behavior in Young Children
Chewing Gum Can Improve Your Mood and Focus
Eating Kiwis May Help You Fall Asleep
24
Which of these associations will probably be plotted as a bar graph rather than a scatterplot?
The more conscientious people are, the more likely they are to get checkups
Level of depression is linking to the amount of exercise people get
Level of chronic stomach pain in kids is linked to later anxiety in adults
Students at private colleges get higher GPAS than those at public colleges
25
Which of these is a field setting?
A biology lab with galvanic skin response detectors
A psychology lab with a hidden camera
A preschool playground with video cameras
A neuropsychology lab with an MRI machine
26
In a study testing noise levels and task difficulty on test scores, which result suggests an interaction?
Noise affects scores, but only for hard tasks
Task difficulty lowers scores, regardless of noise
Test scores are similar across all conditions
Higher noise always leads to lower test scores
27
In APA format, which element is italicized in a journal article reference?
Author’s name
DOI
Journal title and volume number
Article title
28
A good theory is falsifiable. This means that...
theory is always correct and cannot be challenged
theory should lead to hypotheses that have the ability to be proven wrong
theory is too vague to be tested scientifically
theory is based on opinions rather than evidence
29
Which of these new research practices is most relevant for preventing HARKing?
Using a larger sample
Preregistration
Open data
Open materials
30
Which of the following is not one of the Three R's provided by the
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
Reduction
Refinement
Replacement
Restoration
31
Multiple regression on its own can establish temporal precedence
False
True
32
Which of the following helps establish temporal precedence?
Measuring the dependent variable first
Using random sampling procedures
Manipulating independent variable before measuring dependent variable
Controlling for confounding factors
33
Studying only high SAT scorers when correlating SAT scores and GPA causes what issue?
Outliers will be too influential
The study will become experimental
The correlation will appear stronger than it really is
There will be restriction of range
34
A multiple baseline design involves:
Withdrawing treatment after behavior improves
Manipulating multiple variables at once
Introducing treatment at different times across subjects and contexts
Measuring one behavior only once
35
In a 2x3x4 factorial design, how many independent variables are there?
2
4
24
3
36
Fill in the blank: "Reliability is ______ for validity"
sufficient, but not necessary
neither necessary nor sufficient
necessary and sufficient
necessary, but not sufficient
37
Which of the following headlines is a causal claim?
Taking a Deep Breath Helps Minimize High Blood Pressure and Anxiety
Check the Baby! Many New Moms Show Signs of OCD
Younger People Can't Read Emotions on Wrinkled Faces
Strange But True: Babies Born in the Autumn Are More Likely to Live to 100
38
Which validity would you be assessing: How strong is relationship between variables, is it statistically significant?
Statistical validity
Construct validity
External validity
Internal validity
39
A headline makes the following claim: "Social media use is linked to lower grades in college" The 2 variables are:
Social media use and quality of grades
High social media use or low social media use
Good grades or poor grades
40
Which type of reliability: how well the items within a test correlate with each other in measuring the same construct?
Interrater reliability
Test-retest reliability
Parallel forms reliability
Internal reliability
41
Which best describes an autocorrelation?
A correlation after controlling for third variables
A correlation between one variable and itself over time
A correlation between two unrelated variables
A correlation between two variables measured at the same time
42
If you repeat a study and find the same results as the first time, what can you say about the original study?
It is replicable
It is consistent
It is valid
It is statistically significant
43
What does parsimony refer to in research?
Using the largest number of predictors possible
The simplest explanation that fits the data
Prioritizing external validity over internal validity
Ignoring alternative explanations
44
Which of the following is the best operational definition for the construct of stress?
A feeling of being overwhelmed and anxious
An emotional response to a challenging situation
How stressed a person looks
# of times a person reports feeling stress on a standardized questionnaire
45
Which type of variability is a threat to internal validity?
Systematic variability
Unsystematic variability
External variability
Independent variability
46
Which type of reliability: different observers provide consistent ratings for the same phenomenon?
Internal reliability
Test-retest reliability
Interrater reliability
Parallel forms reliability
47
Which of these statements is true of external validity?
A sample that has all female students can generalize to all female students
Psychologists usually strive to generalize to all people
For generalization to a population, the larger the sample, the better
External validity comes from how the sample is obtained, rather than size
48
What does a statistically significant result tell us?
The result is due to random chance
The effect size is large
The result is practically important
There is a low probability the result occurred by chance
49
In a longitudinal study, what is a cross-sectional correlation?
A correlation corrected for confounding variables
A correlation between two variables measured at the same time
A correlation between an earlier measure and a later measure
A correlation between the same variable at two time points
50
A study cannot establish covariance without...
A large sample size
Random sampling
A double-blind design
A comparison group
51
Which of the following best describes effect size?
The likelihood of finding the same result in future studies
The size of the sample used in the study
The magnitude or strength of a relationship or difference
The p-value of a result
52
Which validity would you assessing by asking: How well did the researchers measure sensitivity to tastes in this study?
Construct validity
Statistical validity
External validity
Internal validity
53
Which scenario best illustrates a history threat?
A researcher notices that participants are fatigued from repeated testing
Treatment group shows improvement due to natural development over time
Some participants drop out of the study due to relocation
A national reading campaign occurs as a school starts a new reading program
54
If a 50-year-old study is replicated today with opposite results, what might explain this?
Sampling error
Reversal design flaw
Contextually sensitive effects
Inadequate internal validity
55
According to the principle of respect for persons, some people deserve to have special protections. Those classes are...
College students, elderly individuals, healthcare workers
Scientists, military personnel, policymakers
Children, people with developmental/intellectual disabilities, prisoners
Athletes, individuals with chronic illnesses, teachers
56
Which of the following sentences describes a moderator for the relationship between risk taking and liking spicy foods?
Older adults tend to like spicy foods less than younger adults
The relationship between these is same for those in cities and rural areas
There is a positive relationship between these for men but not for women
57
Which source is most appropriate for citing in a psychology research paper?
A peer-reviewed article from Psychological Science
A news article summarizing a study
A tweet from a psychologist
A blog post about mental health
58
Which validity would you be assessing by asking: Did study rule out alternative explanations for the relationship found?
Construct validity
Internal validity
External validity
Statistical validity
59
In multiple regression the predictor variable is similar to a _______ and the criterion variable is similar to a _______
IV; DV
Moderator; Mediator
Control; Manipulation
DV; IV
60
Choose the best answer:
Is link between private college and high grades the same for men and women?
How did they decide what qualifies a college as private or public?
Could there be a restriction of range?
Is there another reason these two are related?
