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Research Methods Exam2 Flashcards | StudBud
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Research Methods Exam2
Research Methods Exam2
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Answers
1
A one-tailed test would be used with a directional research hypothesis.
False
True
2
Name four types of reliability and what they measure.
test retest- reliability over time
Parallel forms- test of several different forms
inter rater- consistency in rating or outcome
internal consistancy- test one and only one deminsion
3
Parallel forms reliability is an example of which of the following?
measure of consistency
measure of stability
measure of agreement
measure of equivalence
4
What would the interrater reliability be 100-item measure in which the number of 80 agreements?
0.45
0.90
95%
80%
5
What characteristic of the normal curve deals with skewness?
mean, median, and mode
asymptotic
probability
symmetry
6
What will you have if there is no difference between sample and population values?
no sampling error
a low but positive sampling error
It cannot be determined.
a high sampling error
7
Which of the following types of hypotheses is considered an implied hypothesis?
the null hypothesis
none of these
the research hypothesis
the alternative hypothesis
8
__ is determined by the association between test scores+some specified present/future criterion
internal consistency validity
criterion validity
content validity
construct validity
9
A score that is three standard deviations above the mean would have a
z
score of __
1
3
0
2
10
halogen light bulbs lead to better visual acuity than others. Define the independent variable
type of light bulb
behavioral measure of participants' visual acuity
self-report of visual acuity
participants' natural eyesight
11
In experiment, the treatment is called ____
independent variable
dependent variable
intervening variable
mediating variable
12
Reliability and validity should be considered ______.
before you start analyzing data
after data have been analyzed
when data are being collected
in regard to research on human subjects only
13
In a nonexperimental design the ____ is the potential causal , whereas the _____ is the outcome
response; predictor
predictor; constant
constant; predictor
predictor; criterion
14
detailed series of steps that lets the researcher know which order to administer the study in
A researcher notes
A research protocol
Informed consent
Debriefing
15
Sampling error relates to how well a population approximates the characteristics of a sample.
False, characteristics of a population.
True
16
When should you use construct validity?
never use construct validity unless under harsh conditions
When you are measuring repeated data
when measuring underlying psych problems
when you want to know if sample items reflect the true topic
17
Which of the following is NOT a measure of validity?
content validity
parallel forms validity
construct validity
criterion validity
18
A score that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean would have a
z
score of ___
0
2.5
25
5.2
19
weekly quiz fairly assesses the material covered, what evidence was collected?
concurrent validity
construct validity
content validity
criterion validity
20
18 possible agreements, 7 times agreed What is the interrater reliability coefficient?
56
3.90
0.39
.003
21
Each of the following is a part of the informed consent EXCEPT:
potential risks.
detail of all deception used in the study.
agreement to participate.
anticipated benefits.
22
Score you receive as a reflection of what you know
True score
Overall score
Final Score
Top score
23
What is the
t
score for a
z
score of -1?
60
40
10
50
24
correlate scores from test with some other valid measure that assesses the same set of abilities,
content validity
criterion validity
internal consistency
25
The actual or measured score is called the _______.
real score
observed score
true score
error score
26
.What is the difference between the true score and the observed score?
reliable score
error score
critical score
27
The normal curve is only sometimes symmetrical.
True
False
28
An example of a database where psychologists can find peer-reviewed journal articles is:
LexisNexis.
Google.
PsycINFO.
Bing.
29
What type of hypothesis posits a difference between groups where the difference is not specific
null hypothesis
directional hypothesis
research hypothesis
nondirectional hypothesis
30
“A measure of how stable a test is over time”
interrater
test–retest
parallel forms
internal consistency
31
Internal consistency reliability test how each individual item scores correlates with the total
False
True
32
The correlation between two forms of the same test is called _______.
test–retest reliability
internal consistency reliability
inverse reliability
parallel forms reliability
33
Why is it important to have a precise and clear research question?
the research question will guide your hypothesis
both A&C
So you know whats being tested
well guided hypothesis will allow for a well guided test
34
mean of 100 standard deviation of 15, what value would be +2 standard deviations from the mean?
130
120
110
115
35
When we want to infer from a sample to the population, what assumption must be met?
The sample is large.
The population is large.
The sample is normally distributed.
The population is normally distributed.
36
a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 5, what value would be -1 standard deviation
none of these
50
55
45
37
to help ensure generalizability, which of the following should be true about your sample?
It is representative.
It is large.
It is small.
It is nonrepresentative.
38
If you know the
z
score, (s) (M), what formula would you use to compute the raw score (
X
)?
X = z(s) + M
X = (z + s) ÷ M
z = (M – X) ÷ s
M = z(s) + X
39
What is the difference between reliability and validity?
Both A&B
Neither A or B
validity asses if the test does what it is supposed to do
Reliability test if a measurement or tool is consistent
40
When working on a thesis or dissertation, you should use an instrument that is reliable +valid
False
True
41
What is the best way for a researcher to empirically investigate a psychological phenomenon?
by asking participants' friends and family for their opinion
by having participants complete self-report measures
nonscientifically
observation to make assumptions about underlying psychology
42
The _______ is the most commonly used standard score.
t score
z score
f score
p score
43
The percentages or areas under the normal curve can be interpreted as probabilities.
True
False
44
Which of the following is an example of a nondirectional hypothesis?
positive relationship between a highfat diet and weight gain
relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain
no relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain.
negative relationship between high-fat diet and weight gain
45
Why are most philosophical questions poorly suited for empirical investigation?
Most philosophical questions cannot be objectively measured.
Philosophy is not an important discipline.
Empirical investigations can only test unobservable behavior
Philosophy is unscientific and thus does not investigation
46
Each of the following is a strategy for generating a hypothesis, EXCEPT:
finding the exception to the rule.
thinking about variables in terms of amount or degrees.
thinking of things unilaterally.
introspection.
47
Both
t
scores and
z
scores are considered what type of score?
standardized scores
standard scores
average scores
48
Which of the following is a nondirectional test?
a two-tailed test
a one-tailed test
a research hypothesis
all hypotheses
49
a
z
score of 1.65 included 45% of area above the mean ___would remain above 1.65 on the
x
-axis
25%
95%
85%
5%
50
Normal Curve characteristics
Asymptotic
Mean, Median, Mode are equal
symmetrical
All of the above
51
Between-subjects design is to within-subject design as:
single is to multiple.
subjective is to objective.
independent is to dependent.
difficult is to simple.
52
___ is the score that you would receive if the test contained no error.
Observed score
True score
Actual score
Error score
53
wanted to examine impact of fast-food on weight gain, measurement of weight gain would be the
treatment variable
predictor variable
dependent variable
independent variable
54
Why are there no pluses and minuses on the
z
score table?
There are plus and minus signs on a Z score table
Because there are no negative areas
Because the negative and positve sides mirror each other
55
For high reliability, reliability coefficients to be positive and as close as possible to 1.
True
False
56
Hypotheses do not have to posit a relationship between variables.
False
True
57
the measures associated with a test are said to be consistent,
valid
concurrent
reliable
standard
58
What purposes does the null hypothesis serve?
All of the above
Null is used to show no relationship
"there is no difference between X&Y"
Always refers to population
59
The correlation between scores from Time 1 and Time 2 is called
similar forms reliability
internal consistency reliability
parallel forms reliability
test–retest reliability
60
What type of hypothesis posits no relationship between the variables in your study?
directional hypothesis
research hypothesis
null hypothesis
nondirectional hypothesis
61
What is the most important role of a hypothesis?
to reflect the general problem or question asked.
to conduct a test
To conduct experimental test to become theorys
To challenge the ideas of others
62
validity that examines a test outcome is consistent with a criterion that occurs in the future
concurrent criterion validity
content validity
test–retest validity
predictive validity
63
A _______ is a statement of equality between sets of variables.
research hypothesis
directional research hypothesis
nondirectional research hypothesis
null hypothesis
64
hypothesis that higher average score on the oral communication measures, you would have a ___
directional research hypothesis
hypothesis type that cannot be determined
null hypothesis
nondirectional research hypothesis
65
a hypothesis that reflects difference between groups+also specifies the direction of difference
nondirectional research hypothesis
null hypothesis
directional research hypothesis
none of these
66
____ is to independent variable as _____ is to dependent variable.
Predictor; criterion
Criterion; constant
Predictor; constant
Criterion; predictor
67
the effect of different reading programs on comprehension, the dependent variable was ______.
differences
reading programs
comprehension
researcher
68
examining impact of sleep on academics , how might Yetta operationalize an Independent Varible?
performance on a standardized IQ test
#of hours each participant sleeps the night before the study
participants' most recent SAT scores
the number of hours participants sleep on average
69
If data are not reliable or not valid, the results of any test or hypothesis ______.
are inconclusive
are valid in only certain situations
70
Which of the following could be examined using empirical research?
vampires
great white sharks
the Loch Ness Monster
Bigfoot
71
a mean of 30 and a standard deviation of 5, how many standard deviations is 60 from the mean?
0
6
5
-6
72
What is a scientific theory?
well-substantiated explanation of aspects of natural world
Both B&C
Done through repeated observation and experiment
determining how a researcher will use variables in a study
73
“There is no difference in the weight between rats fed low-fiber+high-fiber diets.” This is a _
nondirectional hypothesis
directional hypothesis
null hypothesis
alternative hypothesis
74
The more violent television watched, the more aggressive behavior. Watching violent TV is ___
a mediation variable
an intervening variable
an independent variable
dependent variable
75
The normal curve has no skew.
False
True
76
The group you actually collect data from for your study is known as the _
sample
population
general group
sampling error
77
Independent and dependent variables are to experiment as:
conceptual&operational definition are to corelational design
variable and constant are to nonexperimental design.
predictor&criterion variables are to nonexperimental design.
informed consent and debriefing are to correlational design.
78
Criterion variables are also known as:
predictor variables.
response variables.
conceptual variables.
dependent variables.
79
Test–retest reliability is an example of which of the following?
measure of reliability over time
measure of equivalence
measure of consistency
measure of agreement
80
Kurtosis is used to __
describe the shape of the distribution
measure the variance in the distribution
describe the range of a distribution
measure the central tendency of the distribution
81
men who participate in body contact sports score higher on the TEST test This is
criterion validity
construct validity
content validity
concurrent validity
82
Poster is to paper presentation as:
verbal is to visual.
oral is to written.
visual is to verbal.
written is to visual.
83
there is a relationship between reaction time and problem-solving ability, you would have a ___
nondirectional research hypothesis
directional research hypothesis
hypothesis type that cannot be determined
null hypothesis
84
Which step in the research process is akin to a “fact-checker”?
recruit participants
peer review
analyze data
draw conclusions
85
Interrater reliability is an example of which of the following?
measure of consistency
measure of stability
measure of equivalence
measure of agreement
86
a researcher examined how comprehension affected scores, the independent variable would be ___
examination
comprehension
test scores
researcher
87
Define
asymptotic
.
tails of the curve almost touch the horizontal axis but dont
tails of the curve cross the horizontal axis
none of these
tails of the curve touch the horizontal axis
88
Debriefing is:
explanation/purpose of the study+disclosure of any deception
an explanation of the risks and benefits of participating
89
In order to say that a distribution is positively skewed, which of the following must be true?
right tail must be longer than left
right and left tail must be equal
right tail must be shorter than left
curve must be bell shaped
90
What percentage of all scores fall above a
z
score of +1?
16%
34%
50%
84%
91
Theory is to law as:
describe is to test
describe is to explain
explain is to describe
test is to explain
92
The problem with many of Freud's postulations was that they were not:
interesting.
culturally relevant.
unique.
falsifiable.
93
Null hypotheses refer to _____
both samples and populations
multiple samples
the sample
the population
94
Where would someone look to find the most cutting-edge empirical findings?
research conference
academic journal
book
infomercials
95
High school class rank is highly correlated with college GPA. This is an example of ?
construct validity
predictive validity
concurrent validity
content validity
96
In an experiment, the researcher _____ the independent variable and ___ the dependent variable.
manipulates; holds constant
manipulates; observes
measures; manipulates
measure; holds constant
97
belief that general descriptions of their personality are accurate& tailored for them
The Bailey effect
Parsimony
The Barnum effect
Occam's razor
98
What are the two main categories of hypotheses?
null and sample
research and sample
research and population
null and research
99
If you want to know if the items on a test assess only one dimension, what reliability is used
parallel forms reliability
interrater reliability
internal consistency reliability
test–retest reliability
100
What do sociology, geology, and psychology have in common?
All three study how humans think, feel, and behave.
All three focus on unanswerable questions.
All three use the scientific method.
All three are based on subjective reasoning.
101
An independent variable is a variable that:
is the causal variable in a nonexperimental design.
is measured by the experimenter.
is the outcome variable in a nonexperimental design.
is manipulated by the experimenter.
102
calculate
z
score for a test where your raw score was 24, what other information must you know?
mean, median, and mode
standard deviation only
mean and standard deviation
shape of the distribution
103
analytic strategy.
how to conduct a study + in turn impact the data collected
Researchers make design decisions about how to conduct study
104
If your test is not reliable, you must try to lower your error.
True
False
105
How does a researcher know if he/she has picked a good research question?
No one is investigating that topic.
It interests him/her.
It is culturally relevant.
Others are also investigating the same phenomenon.
106
What type of validity is concerned with the adequate representation of test items?
predictive validity
construct validity
concurrent validity
content validity
107
._______ is based on the judgment of how well a test reflects an underlying idea
Content validity
Criterion validity
Construct validity
Internal consistency validity
108
80 possible, Teacher A + B 60 times agreed What is the interrater reliability coefficient
1.33
.75
25
.80
109
Which of the following is a nondirectional test?
a two-tailed test
all hypotheses
a research hypothesis
a one-tailed test
110
you can have a test that is reliable, but not valid
True
False
111
Explain the formula for understanding observed scores. What is included in any observed score?
Observe score= True Score+ Error Score
Observe score is the highest score possible
112
____ of scores fall within one standard deviation of the mean.
55
68
77
99.5
113
Are distributions always normal?
yes
no
114
What does your research question help to guide?
correlation
sampling error
average score
hypothesis
115
What is the
t
score for a
z
score of +3?
50
100
60
80
116
The outcome variable in an analysis is called the _______.
predictor variable
independent variable
treatment variable
dependent variable
117
__ of scores fall on either side of the distribution.
95%
50%
68%
99.5%
118
Which of the following represents a nondirectional research hypothesis?
H0: m1 = m2
H1: X1 < X2
H1: X1 not equal X2
H1: m1 > m2
119
“How do I know that the test, scale, instrument, etc. I use
measures
what it is supposed to?”
Reliability
Both reliability and validity
Validity
120
Surveys and interviews are examples of:
experimental designs.
between-subjects designs.
within-subjects designs.
nonexperimental designs.
121
A hypothesis communication students will differ on their communication measures, youd have a __
hypothesis type that cannot be determined
nondirectional research hypothesis
null hypothesis
directional research hypothesis
122
order of the following
z
scores in terms of distance from the mean: +2, -3, -1, +1, and 0.
-3, +2, -1/+1, 0
0-1, +1+2-3
-3, -1, 0, +1, +2
-3,+2,0,-1,+1
