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Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
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Answers
1
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
tumor ligation
lesioning
stereotaxic inversion
ESB
2
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
observational learning
classical conditioning
reinforcement
operant conditioning
3
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Rene Decartes
Wilhelm Wundt
G. Stanley Hall
William James
4
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological stability
psychological stability
physiological instability
psychological instability
5
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
sebaceous gland
pancreas
6
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
egocentrism
reversibility
centration
conservation
7
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
defense mechanisms
id mechanisms
coping mechanisms
offense mechanisms
8
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
magnetic resonance imaging
electrographic tomography
computerized tomography
positron emission tomography
9
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the absolute refractory period
the relative threshold period
transduction capacity
transduction incapacity
10
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test norms
test scales
test levels
test scores
11
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
narcolepsy
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
sleep apnea
12
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
moving a part of his body
seeing a flash of light
hearing a sound
smelling an odor
13
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
i wanted a cookie
cookie
give cookie
I eated a cookie
14
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
conditioned emotional reactions
spontaneous recovery
15
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not been dreaming
a headache
been dreaming
not really been asleep
16
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the unconscious
conscious experience
the brain
behavior
17
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the endocrine system
feeding
the autonomic nervous system
memory
18
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were put into a simulated prison
19
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
reticular formation
limbic system
endocrine system
leftbrain/right brain communication
20
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a situational attribution
an external attribution
a distinctive attribution
an internal attribution
21
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
group differences in basic intelligence
genetic influences on IQ
a variety of environmental factors
changes in testing procedures
22
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
hypothalamus
medulla
cerebral cortex
corpus callosum
23
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a social psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a forensic psychologist
24
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
None of the Above
activation-synthesis theory
wish fulfillment theory
problem-solving theory
25
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he's just like his father
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he always gets in fights
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
26
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a superimposed stimulus
subliminal perception
a false alarm
a just noticeable difference
27
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
chunk
schema
semantic network
script
28
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
color
brightness
saturation
light purity
29
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
top-down processing
bottom-up processing
lateral processing
bottom-to-top processing
30
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mode
midpoint
mean
median
31
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
stereotypes
schematizing
cognitive structuring
cultural direction
32
What is somnambulism?
difficulty remaining asleep
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-talking
sleep-walking
33
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
afferent nerves
efferent nerves
autonomic nerves
sympathetic nerves
34
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
longitundinal
time of testing
cross-sectional
sequential
35
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time awake
cultural practices
exposure to light
amount of time alseep
36
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
prefrontal cortex
medulla
hypothalamus
occipital cortex
37
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
abstract operations
logical reasoning
systematic hypothesis testing
physical interaction
38
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
sensory memories
flashbulb memories
non-declarative memories
episodic memories
39
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
job discrimination experienced by the residents
the personal qualities of the residents
crowded living conditions
poor police protection
40
A valid test is one that...
is reliable
measures what it is supposed to measure
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
41
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
cortex
spinal cord
thalamus
location of injury
42
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
classical conditioning
superstitious behavior
observational learning
positive reinforcement
43
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
encoded
retrieved
modeled
ablated
44
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
similiarity
symmetry
closure
constancy
45
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
cognitive
psychoanalytic
humanistic
behavioral
46
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
put information into long-term memory
hold information for a lifetime
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
47
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
tone
salivation
food/meat powder
light
48
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
punishment
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
observational learning
49
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
escape learning
avoidance learning
an unconditioned response
positive reinforcement
50
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
perception
consciousness
hypnosis
sensation
51
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
narcotics
cannabis
sedatives
alcohol
52
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
representativeness heuristic
availability heuristic
law of small numbers
conjunction heuristic
53
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
attributions
self-serving bias
stereotypes
54
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
resistance to pain
total loss of personal control
reduction of inhibitions
hallucinations
55
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
relearning
reiteration
recall
recognition
56
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
psychotherapy
avoidance therapy
57
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
independently of autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
58
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a potential score
a percentile score
IQ
mental age
59
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
evolutionary theory
incentive theory
instinct theory
drive theory
60
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
61
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
the internal state causes the facial expression
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
62
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
oral
genital
anal
latency
63
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial storage
complete retrieval failure
complete storage failure
partial retrieval
64
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retroactive interference
retrograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
anterograde amnesia
65
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thyroid
thalamus
gonads
pituitary
66
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
fluid
procedural
episodic
crystallized
67
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
introspection
intelligence
mentalism
cognition
68
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the observational group
the control group
the experimental group
the correlational group
69
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 1
REM
stage 4
stage 2
70
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
pitch
decibels
loudness
timbre
71
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
72
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring dissent from group members
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
73
What is cognitive dissonance?
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
74
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
formal operations
post-conventional moral reasoning
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
development of secondary sex characteristics
75
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
opiates
prenatals
pathogens
teratogens
76
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
aggressiveness
social charm
manipulative behavior
excessive guilt
77
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
musical
logical-mathemathical
mechanical
spatial
78
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
feeling is to thinking
thought is to perception
behavior is to motive
attitude is to action
79
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
anxiety
schizophrenic
mood
personality
80
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
physiological recordings
questionnaires
psychological tests
direct observation
81
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
brainstem
cerebellum
limbic system
reticular formation
82
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
change
frustration
conflict
pressure
83
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
selection
stimulus discrimination
shaping
step-wise conditioning
84
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
heroin
cocaine
mescaline
marijuana
85
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
sensory
long-term
short-term
intermediate-term
86
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
behavioral quality
temperament
personality
attachment
87
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
dissociative
unipolar
cyclical
bipolar
88
A perceptual set implies that...
people often see what they expect to see
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
89
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
an obsession
a compulsion
a delusion
a phobia
90
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in openness
high in neuroticism
high in agreeableness
low in extraversion
91
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
agonists
neurotransmitters
action potentials
antagonists
92
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
content
construct
criterion-related
absolute
93
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
an amphetamine
a sedative
a hallucinogen
a narcotic
94
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the representativeness heuristic
are using the availability heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
use a holistic decision model
95
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
displacement
fixation
compensation
regression
96
An antagonist...
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
97
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
consistency
predictability
accuracy of inference
representativeness
98
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Cannon's area
Sperry's area
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
99
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
100
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
cornea
vitreous humor
lens
iris
101
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
delusions
hallucinations
obsessions
illusions
102
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
encephalitis
the cephalopedal trend
the proximodistal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
103
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
deindividuation
group polarization
conformity
social loafing
104
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
anxiety disorders
marital problems
105
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
sciatic receptors
gustatory bulbs
smell buds
olfactory cilia
106
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
unconditioning
extinction
spontaneous remission
conditioned forgetting
107
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
industry vs. inferiority
trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
initiative vs. guilt
108
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
social scripts
investment differentiations
parental investments
display rules
109
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
groupthink
conformity
obedience
cognitive dissonance
110
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
morphemes
phonemes
linguistic heuristics
syntax
111
The superego is Freud's term for...
the moral component of personality
the conscious aspect of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the biological impulses that drive behavior
112
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
print letters
tie shoe laces
sing a song
fear the dark
113
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
maladaptive behaviors
the unconscious
the conscious
irrational thoughts
114
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
oval window
stirrup
cochlea
temporal lobe
115
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a deceptive test
a behavior rating
a self-report inventory
a projective test
116
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
postconventional
concrete
preconventional
conventional
117
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
percentiles
standard deviation
means
correlation coefficients
118
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
functionalism
attributionism
collectivism
individualism
119
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
tree-bird
car-nose
fill-feed
boat-goat
120
Framing refers to...
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting only part of the information required
presenting irrelevant information
121
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
a personality test
an intelligence test
an achievement test
an aptitude test
122
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous sleep
remain in continuous wakefulness
become aggressive
become fearful/cautious
123
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
fear reaction
loud noise
rat
rabbit
124
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
personality; standardized
intelligence; standardized
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; personality
125
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
semantic slanting
metalinguistic awareness
fast-mapping
overextension
126
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
serotonin
endorphin
acetylcholine
dopamine
127
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
attention
sensation
perception
processing
128
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
strange situation
shared inhibition
secure-avoidant
attachment probing
129
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
suppression
neurogenic amnesia
avoidance
repression
130
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the semantic level of encoding
attention encoding
dyadic encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
131
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
132
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
criterion-related validity
predictive validity
content validity
standardized validity
133
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
absolute threshold
subliminal threshold
just noticeable difference
sensory memory
134
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender differences
gender stereotypes
gender behaviors
gender roles
135
Anhedonia is when a person...
has two different psychological disorders
experiences mild manic states
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has trouble getting along with people
136
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
functionalism
behaviorism
neodynamism
psychoanalysis
137
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
unrealistic demands from family/friends
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
138
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
happiness
fear
surprise
sadness
139
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
basis for performing pro-social behavior
halo effect in aggression
140
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
display rules
the principle of collectivism
the reciprocity norm
the law of cognitive dissonance
141
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
platonic
morphemic
mnemonic
phonemic
142
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
pineal gland
parietal lobe
thalamus
corpus callosum
143
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
insight
intelligence
reasoning
creativity
144
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the confirmation bias
overestimating the improbable
the conjunction fallacy
the gambler's fallacy
145
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
146
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
delta
beta
gamma
theta
147
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
observational learning
operant conditioning
state-dependent learning
classical conditioning
148
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a contravened stereotype
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a self-serving attribution
a heuristic observation
149
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
bipolar disorder
conversion disorder
fugue
panic disorder
150
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
operant conditioning
insight learning
classical conditioning
latent learning
