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Psych Unit 2: Research & Statistics Flashcards | StudBud
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Psych Unit 2: Research & Statistics
Psych Unit 2: Research & Statistics
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Review for Unit 2- Research Methods, aligned to NGSS and OCPS standards for secondary Psychology 1.
Flashcards
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Questions
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Answers
1
In order for an experiment's results to be considered valid, what must happen?
nothing-- it is valid automatically
it must support the consensus
it must be "common sense"
it must be replicated / reproduced
2
Research results are MORE reliable if subjects were chosen via random sampling.
true
false
3
A
correlation coefficient
between _____ would be a positive correlation.
0 and 1
-1 and 0
1 and 1.5
-1 and -0.5
4
What kind of relationship is pictured here?
positive correlation
negative correlation
no correlation
5
Jenny is studying the effects of computer usage on different ages. This is a
experiment
longitudinal study
cross sectional study
survey
6
When someone expects or believes something, they unknowingly act in ways that reach that conclusion. This is
self fulfilling prophecy
wishful thinking
confirmation bias
placebo effect
7
As the number of hours playing Fortnight increases, students' test scores decrease. This is a
positive correlation
negative correlation
causation
no correlation
8
What kind of relationship is pictured here?
negative correlation
no correlation
positive correlation
9
In research, a _____ is the smaller group chosen from the overall _____.
sample; quantitative
population; qualitative
sample; population
population; sample
10
In psychology and other sciences, what is a
theory
?
an explanation based on evidence
a guess or idea without any evidence
a requirement
a future prediction based on evidence
11
What describes the direction and strength of a relationship?
probability value
statistical significance
correlation coefficient
margin of error
12
What is the
range
of correlation coefficients?
-1 to 1
0 to 14
0 to 10
0 to 1
13
In what kind of studies do NEITHER the doctor NOR subject know who is receiving particular treatments?
single-blind
double-blind
14
In psychology, ___ research builds general knowledge while ___ research solves specific issues.
basic; applied
applied; basic
15
The
correlation coefficient
is expressed as
r=
x=
p=
m=
16
Billy divided a school's population into groups based on students home locations. This is
cluster sampling
random sampling
convenience sampling
strata sampling
17
In psychology, what does
inferential statistics
determine?
if a conclusion supports the initial hypothesis
whether a conclusion was actually because of chance or luck
if a conclusion was accurate
if a conclusion can be generalized
18
Surveys are not always reliable because
they can actually test hypotheses
individuals can lie
responses are self-reported
they can obtain information from large populations
19
The placebo effect, or a "false positive," is an example of a
Type II error
Type I error
20
What conclusion states that the independent variable DID have an effect in an experiment?
alternative hypothesis
null hypothesis
causatin
correlation
21
A p-value at or above 0.05 would indicate
there IS statistical significance
there is NO statistical significance
22
In what type of relationship are variables or data
directly causing
each other?
negative
causation (causal)
positive
correlation (corollary)
23
Which value is MOST affected by outliers?
mode
mean
median
24
In psychology and other sciences, what is a
law
?
a future prediction based on evidence
a guess or idea without any evidence
a requirement
an explanation based on evidence
25
A
correlation coefficient
between +- 0.7 and +-1.0 indicates a _____ relationship.
neutral
causal
weak
strong
26
Why are experiments so effective?
they are self-reported and anonymous
they can actually test hypotheses
they can actually control certain variables
they can actually prove causation or correlation
27
What conclusion states that the independent variable had NO effect in an experiment?
null hypothesis
causatin
correlation
alternative hypothesis
28
Type ___ errors are "false positives" while ___ errors are "false negatives."
I; II
II; I
A; B
B; A
29
How can the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy be avoided?
use of placebo in experiments
none of the above
single-blind studies
double-blind studies
30
An experiment is set up to learn the effects of
study time
on students'
test scores
. What is the
independent
variable?
experiment
students
test scores
study time
31
Tony is studying the long-term effects of therapy on peoples' mindsets. This is a
case study
cross sectional study
naturalistic observation
longitudinal study
32
Sally chooses the first 10 people who walked past her office. This is
convenience sampling
cluster sampling
random sampling
strata sampling
33
In a standard distribution, both the mean and median are the same value.
false
true
34
A _____ sample is chosen from regional or geographic groups, while a _____ is chosen from characteristic groups.
strata; random
cluster; systematic
cluster; strata
convenience; random
35
In psychology, what is the listing and summarizing of data in a practical, efficient way?
statistics
descriptive statistics
percentiles
data
36
What kind of
sampling
gives every individual an equal chance at being selected?
cluster
systematic
random
convenience
37
In psychology statistics, what is this kind of visual called?
histogram
frequency chart
frequency polygon
scatter plot
38
In what type of relationship are variables or data
similar
and
closely related
to each other?
correlation (corollary)
causation (causal)
negative
positive
39
What type of distribution is pictured here?
standard distribution
normal distribuion
binomial distribution
skewed distribution
40
What organization established ethical guidelines for American psychologists?
FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
UNICEF (United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund)
APA (American Psychological Association)
WHO (World Health Organization)
41
Which research method can MOST precisely study the effects of certain variables?
case study
survey
experiment
naturalistic observation
42
When someone believes that something has an effect, causing that thing to actually effect them.
confirmation bias
self fulfilling prophecy
wishful thinking
placebo effect
43
Which is the "center value," regardless of outliers?
mode
median
mean
44
The process of asking a question, forming a hypothesis, and testing it is called the
reconstruction model
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
scientific method
psychological method
45
A 12th grade student scoring better than 89% of the population on the SAT scored in what
percentile
?
89th
11th
12th
90th
46
Statistical significance is expressed as a
p-value
between
0 and 1
-1 and 0
0 and 14
-1 and 1
47
Jane Goodall observed chimpanzees in their native habitats. She used
longitudinal study
naturalistic observation
cross sectional study
case study
48
Sally just completed several case studies, and is now applying her results to the general population. What is she doing?
randomization
optimization
inferentialization
generalization
49
A positive relationship is one in which
there is no clear trend or direction
one increases while the other decreases
both variables increase together
both variables decrease together
50
In an experiment, the ___ variable is changed or manipulated, while the ___ variable is the one being tested.
dependent; independent
control; experiment
independent; dependent
dependent; constant
51
As the number of hours studying increases, so do students' test scores. This is a
negative correlation
causation
no correlation
positive correlation
52
_____ data describes characteristics, while _____ data is numerical.
qualitative; quantitative
quantitative; qualitative
53
What is the chance that there is a causal relationship rather than corollary.
probability
margin of error
correlation coefficient
statistical signficance
54
Surveys are the
most practical
way to obtain information from large populations.
true
false
55
What type of relationship is pictured here?
strong negative
no correlation
weak negative
strong positive
56
In an experiment, the ___ is tested upon with the independent variable, while the ___ is not.
dependent; control
experiment; control
experiment; independent
control; experiment
57
Which of the following was an experiment that would VIOLATE moden ethical guidelines?
none of the above
Maze-Running Rats
Stanford Prison Experiment
Little Albert
58
The closer a
correlation coefficient
is to 0, the _____ the relationship is.
weaker
more negative
stronger
more positive
59
What type of study asks individuals questions to record their responses?
naturalistic observation
case study
experiment
survey
60
More data and strong data is needed in order to prove causation.
false
true
61
What coefficient expresses the probability that results are just due to chance?
x=
r=
p=
a=
62
By itself, a case study
can
prove anything definitively.
true
false
63
A data set with no relationship is one in which
both variables decrease together
there is no clear trend or direction
both variables increase together
one increases while the other decreases
64
Psychologists studied Phineas Gage and his response to having a metal pole stuck through his head. This was a
experiment
survey
cross sectional study
case study
