Intro to Biostatistics

Which 4 of the following are examples of selection bias?

In ____ sampling, the population is divided into groups based on certain characteristics and sampled randomly.

_____ variables fall into groups (qualitative).

A randomized controlled trial satisfies the experimental evidence criteria for causality.

Which 5 of the following are examples of information bias?

Establishing association is a crucial first step to determining causation.

Which 4 of the following are methods for controlling information bias?

A cohort or case-control study ______ definitively prove that an exposure caused an outcome.

Random sampling produces _____ estimates parameters.

______ is a measure taken from the sample that is used to estimate the population parameter.

____ is a measure computed for the entire population of interest.

______ variables are usually the health outcomes, such as incidences of cancer.

The x-axis of a graph is the ______ axis, or the “cause.”

In loss to follow-up cases, those who left the study differed from those who remained in the study.

Which statistical test is used to examine the differences between categorical variables?

In ____ categorical variables, there is an order to the groups, such as BCS or education level.

______ occurs when those who are sampled are different from the population studied.

Convenience sampling is prone to bias and not recommended.

_______ is fixed and unknown.

_____ are identifying characteristics or measurements that has a different value for each individual.

Which 2 of the following are types of bias?

Temporality posits that the exposure or risk factor must precede the outcome.

A confounder is correlated (associated) with both variables of interest.

_____ variables are the ones expected to influence the exposure, such as age.

______ bias occurs when participants are chosen non-randomly.

Which 3 of the following are sources of error in a study?

The y-axis of a graph is the _____ axis, or the “effect.”

______ categorical variables have names and no order, such as hair coat color.

Random error can be decreased by _____ sample size.

_____ is the distortion of the association between exposure and outcome by an extraneous third variable.

In hypothesis testing, it is important to determine a unit of analysis (i.e. individual, barn, group, etc).

_____ is the only criteria for causality that MUST be present for judgment of causality.

Errors occurring due to _____ are systematic and repeatable.

The smaller your sample size, the greater the statistical power of your study.

The reliability of results is determined by the _______.

______ is a measurement error in the assessment of an exposure or outcome.

Which of the following provides the best evidence in favor of causality?

A sample is a subset of the population of interest.

Which 3 strategies can help avoid confounding variables in studies?

______ is a claim or statement about a characteristic of a population.

_____ variables have a numeric value (quantitative) such as temperature and birth weight.

Confounding variables _____ their own effects on outcomes.

A cohort or case-control study can show a(an) _____ between the exposure and outcome.

In _____ sampling, investigators select subjects at a regular interval selected in advance.

____ occurs when values from your sample differ from values of parent population.

The ____ the p-value, the stronger the evidence is that you should reject the null hypothesis.

The chances of error are _____ in a sample statistic due to variation.

Confounding variables _____ in the causal pathway between exposure and outcome.

In ______ sampling, every individual has an equal chance of being selected since it is a random process.

______ are differences between those who participate and those who do not.

P-value is the probability of getting observed results or something more extreme given the null hypothesis is ____.

In ____ sampling, subjects are selected by an arbitrary and easily performed method.

____ is a collection of individuals who share at least one common or organizing characteristic.

_____ describes the degree to which the sample corresponds to population characteristics from which it was chosen.