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Digital Vocabulary, etc
define pixel
Quantum noise limits ability to see:
Digital Vocabulary, etc
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1
Quantum noise limits ability to see:
Contrast
Additive pathologies
Detail
Fatty tissue
2
define pixel
picture equation
picture elongation
picture element
picture equivalent
3
Spatial resolution is ultimately limited by______
contrast resolution
bit size
spatial frequency
pixel size
4
All are forms of noise EXCEPT
artifacts
scatter radiation
mottle
contrast
5
GRAYSCALE MANIPULATION IS ALSO KNOWN AS
WINDOWING
BRIGHTNESS
RESOLUTION
6
HIS communicates strictly within a radiology dept.
False
True
7
grayscale
uses all shades of color
uses different stages of grey
tokyo drift
the color calls
8
The Thin Film Transistor (TFT) is a photosensitive array made of pixels also called...
matrix
Detector elements (DEL)
Field effect transistors (FET)
Cesium Iodide (Csi)
9
What is EMR?
Emergency Medical Response
Exchange of Medical Records
Electronic Medical Record
Exam and Medication Room
10
Window level in digital imaging controls what image display property?
resolution
distortion
contrast
brightness
11
pixel bit depth is determined by
# of pixels in a bit
# of bits per pixel
pixel size
distance between pixels
12
indirect DR uses__ as the photodiode material
barium fluorohalide
amorphous silicon
calcium tungstate
amorphous selenium
13
What is grayscale?
tones between black and white with no other hues
the relative size of things compared to other things
having one hue
having many hues
14
DQE?
causes a HALO effect due to high pass filtering
caused by low pass filtering. Reduces noise
Measurement that determines how efficient the IP converts photons into data
Distance between the centers of two pixels
15
There are ___ bits in a byte.
6
7
8
5
16
In digital viewing, what does Brightness mean?
The measurement of the luminance of an area in a pixel.
The measurement of the luminance of an area in a histogram.
The measurement of the luminance of an area in a radiographic image .
The measurement of the luminance of an area in a Matrix.
17
What is a CCD?
Light sensing element
I really dont know
sound sensing element
xray sensing element
18
Europium is an activator in the PSP. An activator is responsible for
Contrast resolution
Reduced patient dose
Spatial resolution
Emitted light intensity
19
indirect relationship between pixel size and resolution
spatial resolution
LUT
sample frequency
histogram
20
What is EHR?
Evaluated Heart Rate
Examine the Heart Rate
Emergency Hurricane Response
Electronic Health Record
21
What is detective quantum efficiency (DQE)
Ability to tell difference between contrasts
Ability of an IR to capture information
Ability to tell differences in grays
22
Incorrect collimation can cause rescaling errors
False
True
23
What is used to measure an IR system's x-ray absorption efficiency?
exposure data recognition
fill factor
conversion efficiency
detective quantum efficiency
24
The amount of radiation striking the image receptor.
dynamic range
receptor exposure
exposure latitude
exposure latitude
25
A histogram in digital radiography refers to:
The number of brightness levels that can be assigned to a pixel
The frequency of recorded exposure values
26
Each anatomical part has an image histogram with a / an
straight line
S shape
characteristic shape
no shape
27
What is the result if the detective quantum efficiency (DQE) is too high?
Mottled appearance
Streaking artifact
Saturation
Overexposure
28
What is the factor that controls brightness and grayscale?
automatic rescaling
MAS
KVP
LUT
29
The xray control panel must:
have a visible mA & kVp meter
All of the above
Be located behind a protective barrier
have an audible sound when the exposure begins and ends
30
___ is the shifting of the histogram to the correct/diagnostic area on the monitor.
Histogram analysis
Rescaling
31
Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE)
how efficiently a system converts the x-rays into a useful output image
measurement of the percent of x-rays that is absorbed through the IR
High DQE produces higher quality images at a lower dose
all of the above
32
RIS is specific to a radiology dept.
True
False
33
Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE)
High DQE produces higher quality images at a lower dose
measurement of the percent of x-rays that is absorbed through the IR
all of the above
how efficiently a system converts the x-rays into a useful output image
34
Look-up Table?
graphical representation of numerous shades of gray within an image
amount of exposure
Provides contrast adjustment
the incidence that a particular exposure value has occurred.
35
What does detective quantum efficiency (DQE) do?
Collects data to help keep patient exposures low
Represents the K-shell binding energy of the x-ray photon
Determines the matrix size of the digital image
Predicts radiation exposure needed to produce optimal image
36
What is the fill factor?
percentage of the pixel face that isnt sensitive to xray=80%
percentage of the pixel face that is sensitive to xrays =80%
percentage of the pixel face that is sensitive to xrays =20%
percentage of the pixel face that is sensitive to light
37
Modulation Transfer Function is:
a function of exposure
the controlling factor of contrast resolution
a measure of the ability of an imaging system to preserve signal contrast
a function of pixel density
38
Which function are Radiology information system (RIS) networks are capable of performing?
Tracking billing information.
Processing laboratory reports.
Recording and retrieving diagnostic images.
Tracking radiology scheduling information.
39
CCD is made of
Charges in wells
aluminium containing pixels
Iron bars with silicon chips
silicon chips containing picture elements
40
RIS is specific to a radiology dept.
True
False
41
Modulation Transfer Function is:
a measure of the ability of an imaging system to preserve signal contrast
a function of pixel density
the controlling factor of contrast resolution
a function of exposure
42
A look-up table maps
optical density
subject contrast
latent image
image grayscale values
43
What is SMPTE involved with where radiology is concerned?
luminance measurements
They're not
Performance assessment standards
Digital Display Device QC
44
Histogram is
History of exposure values for this exposure ONLY
History of exposure values for the entire hospital
History of exposure values for this machine
45
What is detective quantum efficiency (DQE)
Ability to tell difference between contrasts
Ability to tell differences in grays
Ability of an IR to capture information
46
True of False: A Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) converts light energy to electrical energy.
False
True
47
The term pixel is associated with all of the following except:
picture element
measured in xy direction
two demensional
how much of the part is included in the matrix
48
The analog to digital converter
Makes the electrical signal understandable to the computer
Determines the image matrix
All of the above
Determines the contrast resolution of the system
49
how is pixel size determined
FOV/Matrix
Matrix/FOV
FOV x Matrix
Matrix + FOV
50
What does detective quantum efficiency (DQE) do?
Determines the matrix size of the digital image
Collects data to help keep patient exposures low
Predicts radiation exposure needed to produce optimal image
Represents the K-shell binding energy of the x-ray photon
51
A histogram is
an examination of the chest
a report on exposure values
another name for exposure indicator value
a graphic representation of x-ray exposure
52
Sampling and quantization are 2 processes of analog to digital conversion
False
True
53
the process of adjusting the actual histogram to look like the expected histogram is known as
resetting
windowing
leveling
rescaling
54
What is spatial resolution?
ratio of image to object as a function of spatial frequency
portion of the image forming xrays that represent anatomy
ability of an imaging system to render different contrasts
The ability of an imaging system to render small objects
55
Spatial resolution is measured in:
lp/mm
mRem
keV
mSv
56
Pixel size is dependent on the sampling frequency
true
false
57
Radiology specific. Contains information about a patient's visit; Radiology related.
HIS
EMR
HL-7
RIS
58
The proper LUT will provide a proper grayscale regardless of
the anatomy being demonstrated
the histogram selected
the application of the LUT
variations in KvP and mAs
59
What is contrast resolution?
number of gray shades that an imaging system can reproduce
ability to determine image noise
ability to distinguish many shades of gray from black &white
ability to distinguish between 2 objects
60
digital cassetteless
both methods use thin-flim transistor technology (TFT)
img resoultion is determd by pixel size of each data element
all are true
imges consists of pixel elements in a rectangular array
61
A change in the level of the window of a digital display is related to a change in:
size distortion
contrast
brightness
noise level
62
The scintillation layer in a CCD detector is most commonly comprised of:
amorphous selenium
amorphous silicon
europium activated barium fluorohalide
cesium iodide
63
What is spatial resolution determined by in DR?
kVp
pixel size
focal spot size
film size
64
Window width refers to contrast in digital imaging.
False
True
65
Image Detail is also called
SNR
Spatial Resolution
Dynamic Range
Spatial Frequency
66
mAs controls the brightness with a digital image.
True
False
67
Rescaling?
amount of exposure
the incidence that a particular exposure value has occurred.
AKA Normalization. Re-mapping brightness and grayscale of the digital image
graphical representation of numerous shades of gray within an image
68
The photodiode used in
Indirect
DR:
Amorphous Selenium
Amorphous Silicon
69
CMOS stands for.....?
complementary metal-oxide sensor
complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
conductive metal-oxide semiconductor
complementary metal-only conductor
70
CCD's use _______ conversion to acquire a digital image.
direct
indirect
71
The amount of x-ray exposure that reaches the image receptor is measured by the:
B. analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
D. signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
A. CCD array
C. exposure indicator (EI)
72
In digital radiography, spatial resolution is improved with increased _____
matrix size
pixel size
HU
FOV
73
What is a matrix?
Combination of rows or columns
Number of bits that control the pixel brightness
A small, usually square, "picture element"
74
DICOM is.......................
Word processing
RAID system
A Hard drive
Translation language for vendor images
75
A bit is
a numerical label assigned to each device.
a keyboarding term for typing.
the smallest unit of data in a computer.
is a numeral system made up of 16 symbols.
76
What is the result if the detective quantum efficiency (DQE) is too high?
Mottled appearance
Overexposure
Saturation
Streaking artifact
77
With computed radiography the contrast
Controlled by KVP.
is constant.
controlled by inverse square law.
controlled by MAS.
78
What is SMPTE involved with where radiology is concerned?
They're not
luminance measurements
Digital Display Device QC
Performance assessment standards
79
A histogram displays the useful signal by locating
minimum signal only
maximum and minimum signal
all pixel values
maximum signal only
80
DR systems typically use a thin film transistor (TFT). This device functions to:
COLLECT THE ELECTRICAL CHARGE
CONVERT ELECTRICAL TO DIGITAL SIGNAL
CONVERT PHOTONS INTO LIGHT
CONVERT LIGHT INTO ELECTRONS
81
Short scale contrast can be best described as?
High contrast
High kVp
High spatial resolution
Low contrast
82
Having a higher DQE indicates a potentially
lower patient dose
higher patient dose
similar patient dose
83
What's the function of the flat panel thin film transistor detectors (FDP/TFT) when using direct method to produce image
Converts electrons to light
Convert light to electrons
Convert x-rays to electrons
Convert x-rays to light
84
what is byte
A set of privileges for allowed actions
information in a digital computer is represented by 0 and 1s
A series of steps used to perform an action
A series of steps used to perform an action.
85
The wider window the width will:
decrease in illumination
shorten grayscale
increase in brightness.
lengthen grayscale
86
CCD stands for:
charge coupled device
computer charged device
charge compass device
computer centered device
87
Image lag can also be corrected with detector's software using dark noise or ___________________.
light noise
onset correction
mind set correction
offset correction
88
MTF determines _____?
image contrast
image density
image detail
image size
89
What does an MTF of 1 mean?
image produced is opposite of actual image
image produced is larger than actual object
image produced is smaller than actual object
image produced is exactly as object appears
90
The CCD, semiconductor, or CMOS needs a ________ to convert xray photons to light?
Transformer
Scintillator
Grid
Converter
91
What is Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)?
Luminous flux
Dynamic Range
ratio of image to object; spatial resolution
Inverse square law
92
An IP phosphor with higher DQE would require a lower mAs to produce a diagnostic image.
False
True
93
Signal to noise Ratio is...
The level of noise
Difference between nominal level and the noise floor
Difference between the noise floor and silence
Difference between the loudest and quietest sounds
94
The activator in a PSP is there to
Select the proper wavelength
Enhance electron meta stability
Increase X-ray absorption
Define laser wavelength
95
Optical filters are used to filter out the _____light and allow the _____light to reach the photodetector.
stimulating, monochromatic
emitted, monochromatic
emitted, stimulated
stimulating, emitted
96
What is Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)?
Dynamic Range
Inverse square law
ratio of image to object; spatial resolution
Luminous flux
97
An ADC does what?
Converts Discrete code to algorythms
Converts Automated tones to Data
Converts Analog signal to Digital
Converts Algorithms to Digital
98
Image quantum noise is caused by
Scattered photons
Excessive edge enhancement
Small metallic objects in the anatomical part
Deficient mAs
99
Bit depth is (multi answer)
Number of bits used to reproduce image gray levels
Total number of brightness levels at pixel
Total number of luminance units at pixel
Total number of gray shades available to use at each pixel
100
Computed Radiology is also referred to as
direct DR
PSP technology
flat panel technology
indirect DR
