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PSYC 100 Trivia Night 2024 (Part 1) Flashcards | StudBud
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PSYC 100 Trivia Night 2024 (Part 1)
PSYC 100 Trivia Night 2024 (Part 1)
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1
Hormones
cause behavioural changes
True
False
2
In Pavlov's original experiment, the ______ served as an
unconditioned stimulus
because it naturally elicited a response
Saliva
Experimentor
Bell
Food
3
What defines the relationship between a
conditioned stimulus
(CS) and a
conditioned response
(CR)?
CS involves emotions; CR involves behaviors
CS happens after CR; CR triggers the CS
CS occurs naturally; CR is always reflexive
CS is a learned cue; CR is the reaction to it
4
What is
Eugenics
?
Understanding the role of mutations in evolution
Developing therapies for genetic disorders
Studying how genes are inherited across generations
The practice of selective breeding to promote desired traits
5
What is the primary use of
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
(TMS)?
None of the above
Treat depression by stimulating the prefrontal cortex with magnets
Measure blood flow in the brain using magnetic resonance
Create permanent electrical lesions in brain tissue
6
Which of the following best describes the
correlation
between the
number of times a person brushes
and
their cavities
positive correlation
negative correlation
no correlation
equal correlation
7
What is the key difference between
genotype
and
phenotype
?
Genotype is influenced by environment; phenotype is fixed
Genotype changes over time; phenotype is permanent
Genotype determines height; phenotype determines weight
Genotype refers to genetic makeup, and phenotype to observable traits
8
What is the main function of the
cerebellum
?
Regulation, balance, and coordination
Processing visual information
Controlling emotions
Managing long-term memory
9
What is the
placebo
effect?
The immune system improves due to a drug
How a drug breaks down in the body
A side effect from incorrect drug dosage
Improvement from belief in a treatment, not the treatment itself
10
What is
operant behaviour
?
Reflexive responses to stimuli
Automatic reactions to rewards
Behaviour controlled by consequences
Actions triggered by instincts
11
Angelica took a drug that enhances synaptic activity, boosting neurotransmitter effects. What drug category is this?
Agonist
Activated
Antagonist
Deactived
12
What is a
drawback
of conducting a
correlational study
?
It cannot determine causality
It takes too much time
It is too expensive
It's a Pick Me Study
13
What is the primary mechanism of
natural selection
?
Only traits acquired during an organism's lifetime are inherited
Reproductive success varies due to differences in heritable traits
All traits appear randomly without environmental influence
Organisms can choose which traits to develop over time
14
Gray Matter
- composes the bark or the cortex of the cerebrum and consists of the cell bodies of the neurons
True
False
15
Vicarious Reinforcement
- learning only through direct experience of reinforcement/punishment, not by observing others
True
False
16
What is the term for
defining an abstract concept
(ie happiness) in a way that it can be measured in a research study?
Hypothesis
Independent Variables
Operational Definition
Consent
17
Paul is in bed, seeing the shape of the door in the dark. What cells enable this limited vision?
Cones
Retina
Optic nerves
Rods
18
Dr. AD wants to study why Big Bird fumbles girls over 2 years. What type of study is most effective for this?
Case Studies
Longitudinal Study
Cohort Studies
None of the Above
19
The electrical charge within a neuron must reach the ____ before the neuron will fire
Neuron hub
Threshold of excitation
Excitatory postsynaptic potential
Nucleus
20
Aidan is studying brain functions. For hearing, he should know that the primary auditory center is in the ______ lobe
Occipital
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
21
According to
appraisal theories
of emotion, emotions are:
Determined solely by physiological arousal
The result of individuals' evaluations and interpretations of a situation
Fixed reactions that are the same for all people in every context
Automatic responses that occur independently of cognitive evaluation
22
What does "
contralateral
" refer to in psychology
Brain processing info from both hemispheres
Each hemisphere controls the opposite body side
Brain processing info from the same side
Both hemispheres control the same body side
23
Implicit Memory
- a type of
long-term memory
that REQUIRES conscious thought to encode
True
False
24
The
Autonomic Nervous System
(ANS) is part of the peripheral nervous system that connects to
glands
and
smooth muscles.
False
True
25
What is
habituation
?
Forgetting a stimulus after prolonged absence
Developing a stronger reaction to repeated exposure
Reduced response to a repeated stimulus over time
Learning through repeated rewards and punishments
26
What is the
dependent variable
based on the case below?
taking vitamin C
VIsion scores
none of the above
taking a placebo
27
During sensation, sense organs engage in _______, the process of converting the physical stimulus into an electrical one
Transmission
Myelination
Translation
Transduction
28
What does
spatial resolution
refer to in brain imaging?
The ability to measure electrical activity in brain cells
None of the above
The ability to detect changes in brain activity over time
Describes how small of a structure in the brain can be imaged
29
Significance
- a result is statistically significant if it is unlikely to arise by chance alone
False
True
30
There is value in forgetting
True
False
31
What does
confound
mean in the context of research?
A variable that is deliberately changed by the researcher
A variable that affects both the independent and dependent variables
A variable that doesn’t affect the results
A variable that is controlled during the experiment
32
What is
sexual selection
theory?
Random variations in reproduction
Traits unrelated to reproduction
Evolution of characteristics due to mating advantage
Traits that enhance survival only
33
What does a study need to be considered an experiment?
It must involve collecting qualitative data only
It must only involve observing participants without any intervention
It must involve the manipulation of an independent variable
It must not include any control or comparison groups
34
What is the difference between
correlation
and
causation
?
Correlation shows cause, causation shows a relationship
They mean the same thing
None of the above
Correlation shows a relationship, causation shows cause
35
What is
Functionalism
?
Breaking down mental processes into basic components
Understanding the purpose of mental processes
Exploring how behavior adapts to the environment
Sought to describe the elements of conscious experience
36
What is
Structuralism
?
Studying unconscious thoughts and desires
Exploring how behavior adapts to the environment
Understanding the purpose of mental processes
Sought to describe the elements of conscious experience
37
What is
operant conditioning
?
Imitating observed behaviors
Pairing stimuli to evoke responses
Describes stimulus-response associative learning
Recalling stored memories
38
What is the main function of the
presynaptic terminal button
?
To generate electrical signals in the neuron
To receive signals from other neurons
To release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
To store DNA and control cell activities
39
What is an example of a
Type I Error
?
None of the above
Ty fails to show a relationship between variables when there is one
Ty does not complete his study
Ty concludes there's a relationship between 2 variables but, there's none
40
Dr. Doyle’s comments to students may skew their observation. This is called _____
The third variable problem
All of the above
Experimenter neglect
Experimenter bias
41
What does
quantitative genetics
study?
Heredity of traits influenced by multiple genes
Inheritance of single-gene traits
Mutations caused by environmental factors
Evolutionary changes over time
42
What is the primary function of the
parietal
lobe?
Processing sensory information like touch and spatial awareness
Processing auditory information
Regulating emotions
Controlling voluntary movement
43
What is a
null hypothesis
?
A hypothesis that proves the research hypothesis to be true
A hypothesis that predicts a strong relationship between variables
A hypothesis that predicts no effect or relationship between variables
none of the above
44
In the context of
diffusion
, what does the process involve?
movement of molecules powered only through chemical reactions
From high to low concentration until balanced with a concentration gradient
Randomly without a concentration gradient
From low to high concentration until balanced
45
What does it mean for a result to be
statistically significant
?
The result is likely to arise by chance alone
The p-value is always greater than 0.05
result is unlikely to be due to chance
The result has no relationship to the variables being studied
46
Alessandro overdoses at home despite the
same
heroin dose. What classical conditioning explains this?
Negative reinforcement
Unconditioned stimulus
Positive punishment
Conditioned compensatory responses
47
What is
falsifiability
?
The ability to prove a hypothesis true
The ability to ignore evidence against a theory
the ability of a claim to be tested, and possibly, refuted
The ability to prove a hypothesis right after many tests
48
Which of the following is true about
Positron Emission Tomography
(PET)?
Uses magnetic fields to create brain images
Requires spinal fluid samples to visualize brain function
Detects metabolic activity via radioactive tracers
Measures blood oxygen changes to track brain activity
49
What is an example of
internal validity
?
The effect of outside factors on the study
A study using random sampling to choose participants
The consistency of study results
A study measuring the effect of sleep on memory, controlling for caffeine
50
Type II Error
- In statistics, the error of failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false
True
False
51
Which of the following p-value indicates that the result is significant?
0.50
0.05
5.0
None of the above
52
Dependent Variable
- the variable the researcher manipulates and controls in an experiment
False
True
53
A researcher puts the names of all possible subjects in a hat and draws out 10 for the study so she has a ______
Control variable
Experimenter expectancy
Random sample
Margin or error
54
What type of design would I use to measure group memberships (ie. married vs. single)
Quasi-experimental designs
Longitudinal design
Correlational design
None of the above
55
Which of the following brain imaging techniques provides the
highest level
of temporal resolution?
fMRI
CAT
PET
EEG
56
What is the primary function of
dendrites
in a neuron?
To generate action potentials within the axon hillock
To receive and integrate signals from other neurons or sensory inputs
To store and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
To transmit electrical signals away from the neuron to other cells
57
The
renewal effect
in psychology refers to:
The ability to form new associations faster after extinguishing old ones
All of the above
Return of a conditioned response when the context changes after extinction
The improvement in memory recall after exposure to similar stimuli
58
Positive Correlation
- two variables move in opposite directions; one variable increases, the other decreases
False
True
59
What is the focus of
epigenetics
?
How environment changes gene expression without altering DNA
How genetic mutations cause diseases
How genes are translated into proteins
How genes are inherited
60
The
resting membrane potential
at rest is around:
-70mV
-60mV
-80mV
-50mV
61
What does
temporal resolution
refer to in brain imaging?
The ability to distinguish between different brain regions
The ability to track electrical signals in brain cells
The ability to detect fine details in brain structure
The ability to measure brain activity over time
62
What is the primary function of the
Central Nervous System
(CNS)?
To process information and control thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
All of the above
To regulate hormones and maintain homeostasis
To transmit sensory and motor signals between the brain and body
63
What is
incidental learning
?
Learning that occurs from direct instruction
Forgetting information after brief exposure
Memorizing facts through deliberate practice
Learning without intention or awareness
64
What is
Gestalt Psychology
?
An attempt to study the unity of experience
Examining mental processes using introspection
Analyzing behavior through rewards and punishments
Exploring the effects of past experiences on behavior
65
In operant conditioning, what is the primary role of
reinforcement
?
To reduce the frequency of a behavior
To punish a behavior after it occurs
To ignore unwanted behaviors
To increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again
66
According to
error management theory
(EMT), why do we develop cognitive biases?
To always make the most accurate decisions, regardless of the outcome
To maximize oppertunites without considering risks
To ensure that all decisions are based on logical reasoning
To avoid making the more costly type of error in uncertain situations
67
Katelyn's doctor sends her for a brain imaging test to measure oxygen changes in her blood. What procedure is this?
EEG
PET
None of the above
fMRI
68
What occurs in the
synaptic cleft
?
Hormones are stored for future release
DNA is transferred between neurons
Electrical signals travel directly between neurons
Neurotransmitters are released to send signals to the next neuron
69
What distinguishes an
unconditioned stimulus
(US) from an
unconditioned response
(UR)?
None of the above
They are the same
the US elicits an UR
the UR elicits an US
70
What part of the neuron carries the action potential and is the main output source?
Myelin sheath
Axon
Dendrite
Soma
71
What is the main function of the
Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)?
To carry sensory and motor signals between the CNS and the rest of the body
To control unconscious functions like breathing and heart rate
To produce hormones that regulate growth and metabolism
To process and integrate sensory information from internal organs
72
What is the main difference between
reinforcers
and
punishers
?
Punishers are positive; reinforcers are always negative
Reinforcers increase behavior; punishers decrease behavior
Punishers are rewards; reinforcers are deterrents
Reinforcers work quickly; punishers work slowly
73
What system are the
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
and
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
part of?
Central Nervous System
None
Peripheral Nervous System
Both
74
What is
chunking
in psychology?
Grouping information into units to enhance memory
Repeating information to prevent forgetting
Eliminating unnecessary information to improve memory
Storing information in long-term memory immediately
75
What is a
double-blind procedure
?
Participants are told everything about he study before is begins
Participants are unaware of the study's purpose, but researchers know
Both participants and researchers are unaware of who receives the treatment
Only researchers know which participants are in the experimental group
76
What do
microglia
and
astrocytes
do?
Digest debris of dead neurons
Help in regulating the ionic composition of the extracellular fluid
All of the above
Carry nutritional support from blood vessels to the neurons
77
What does it mean to
generalize
in research?
All of the above
To use research findings to make broader predictions
To extend the results of a study to other similar situations
To apply findings from a sample to a larger population
78
What is the function of an
antagonist
drug?
Blocks or inhibits the effects of a neurotransmitter
Increases neurotransmitter reuptake
Binds to receptors and activates them
Enhances the release of neurotransmitters
79
What insulating substance allows an electrical signal to travel faster down an axon?
Myelin sheath
Soma
Hemoglobin
Nodes of Ranvier
80
What is
Empiricism
?
Knowledge is innate and pre-existing
The idea that all knowledge comes from experience
Beliefs are based on authority or tradition
Ideas are gained through logical reasoning alone
81
Sensitization
- when the response to a stimulus increases with exposure
True
False
82
____ refers to the consistency of a measure
Reliability
Validity
Cause and effect
Distribution
83
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
- a depolarizing current that causes the membrane potential to become more positive
True
False
84
What does
binocular disparity
help us perceive?
The depth and distance of objects
The speed of moving objects
The texture and details of objects
The color of objects
85
Why are
nature-nurture
questions difficult to study empirically?
It is challenging to isolate/control the variables
Nature and nurture factors are fixed and do not change over time
Nature and nurture factors always work independently of each other
There's no scientific method to study the relationship
