Baddeley and Hitch found the memory of the last team rugby players had played depended on....

How many matches they had played since

What did Baddeley find which supported the WMM?

Ppts found it easier to do one visual and one verbal task

What is episodic memory?

Ability to recall personal events from our lives

What was Goodwin's Independent Variable?

Whether ppts were drunk or sober on day 1 and 2

What did Goodwin find?

More errors made when ppts in the same state on both days

What did Jacobs' study find?

Mean digit span for numbers was 9 and for letters was 7

What does research suggest about individual differences in EWT?

Older witnesses are less accurate, People are more accurate identifying someone their age

What was Yuille and Cutshall's Dependent Variable?

No. of details recalled compared to 5 months earlier, If ppts had experience emotional problems since the trauma

What did Peterson and Peterson measure?

Immediate recall of consonant trigrams

What did Godden and Baddeley find?

Accurate recall was 40% LOWER when contexts did NOT match

What is the Response Bias explanation for leading questions?

Question wording changes how you choose to answer (conform)

What does the Episodic Buffer NOT do in the WMM?

Actively rehearse information from other components

Which of these are types of Misleading Information?

Post-event discussion, Leading Questions

Which lists were remembered best in McGeoch and McDonald's study?

No new list then 3-digit numbers

What did Gabbert investigate?

Effects of post-event discussion on Eye-Witness Testimony

What is the Substitution explanation for leading questions?

Question wording actually changes your memories of an event

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Questions 97

Answers

1
How does information enter the STM according to the MSM?
Rehearsal
Attention
Enters automatically
2
Baddeley and Hitch found the memory of the last team rugby players had played depended on....
How experienced they were at Rugby
How many matches they had played since
Their memory ability on other tests
The amount of time since their last match
3
Which is NOT a feature of the enhanced cognitive interview?
Eye contact
Open questions
Interruptions
Minimal distractions
4
Which memory is distorted in RETROactive interference?
New
Old
5
What did Baddeley find which supported the WMM?
Ppts found it easier to do two verbal tasks simultaneously
Ppts found it easier to do two visual tasks simultaneously
Ppts found it easier to do one visual and one verbal task
There was no difference between different task combinations
6
What is episodic memory?
Ability to recall the meanings of words
Ability to recall general knowledge and facts
Ability to recall skills
Ability to recall personal events from our lives
7
In Retrieval Failure memories aren't...
Accessible
Available
8
What was Goodwin's Independent Variable?
Whether ppts were at home or at school on day 1 and 2
Whether ppts were drunk or sober on day 1 and 2
Whether ppts were on land or underwater on day 1 and 2
Whether ppts were happy or sad on day 1 and 2
9
How many ppts in the high anxiety condition correctly identified the man (Johnson and Scott)?
33%
49%
39%
56%
10
What did Goodwin find?
No difference in errors depending on the state of ppts
More errors made when ppts in the same state on both days
Less errors made when ppts in the same state on both days
11
Whose study suggested anxiety has a NEGATIVE effect on Eye-Witness Testimony?
Johnson and Scott
Yuille and Cutshall
12
Who did Baddeley and Hitch study?
Football players
Cricket players
Rugby players
Basketball players
13
What did Jacobs' study find?
Mean digit span for numbers was 7 and for letters was 9
Mean digit span for numbers was 9 and for letters was 7
Mean digit span for letters and numbers were both 7
Mean digit span for letters and numbers were both 9
14
Which is not a slave system in the WMM?
Phonological loop
Visuospatial sketchpad
Episodic buffer
15
Which is not a component of the WMM?
Phonological loop
Sensori-motor cache
Visuospatial Sketchpad
Central executive
16
What does research suggest about individual differences in EWT?
Older witnesses are less accurate
Older witnesses are more accurate
People are less accurate identifying someone their age
People are more accurate identifying someone their age
17
Who did research on STM duration?
Peterson and Peterson
Luria
McGeoch and McDonald
Baddeley
18
What was Yuille and Cutshall's Dependent Variable?
No. of details recalled compared to 5 months earlier
Ppts anxiety levels compared to at the crime scene
If ppts had experience emotional problems since the trauma
No. of details recalled compared to 6 months earlier
19
What did Peterson and Peterson measure?
Immediate recall of consonant trigrams
Delayed recognition of names and faces
Delayed recall of word lists
Immediate recall of digits
20
What area in the brain is the semantic memory linked to?
Temporal lobe
Hippocampus
Corpus Collosum
Cerebellum
21
Which is a feature of the Cognitive Interview?
Change the order
Mixed order
Reversed recall
22
Who did research on LTM capacity?
McGeoch and McDonald
Peterson and Peterson
Luria
Baddeley
23
Which is the active sub-section of the visuospatial sketchpad in the WMM?
Visual Cache
Phonological loop
Image rehearsal
Inner scribe
24
What did Godden and Baddeley find?
Accurate recall was 40% HIGHER when contexts did NOT match
Accurate recall was 40% LOWER when contexts did NOT match
Accurate recall was 44% LOWER when contexts did NOT match
Accurate recall was 64% HIGHER when contexts did NOT match
25
When was the Episodic Buffer added to the WMM?
1999
2010
2000
2001
26
How can information be forgotten from the STM according to the MSM?
Interference
Retrieval failure
Decay or displacement
None of the above
27
Who did research on LTM duration?
Peterson and Peterson
Jacobs
Baddeley
Bahrick
28
What is the Response Bias explanation for leading questions?
Question wording actually changes your memories of an event
Question wording changes how you choose to answer (conform)
Question wording has no effect your answers
29
What does the Episodic Buffer NOT do in the WMM?
Record time sequencing
Code visually and auditorally
Integrate information from other components
Actively rehearse information from other components
30
How many ppts in the low anxiety condition correctly identified the man (Johnson and Scott)?
49%
39%
56%
33%
31
Who studied male medical students on a 2 day training course?
Goodwin
Baddeley and Hitch
Tulving
Goddin
32
Which is the passive sub-section of the visuospatial sketchpad in the WMM?
Image store
Inner scribe
Visual Cache
Phonological loop
33
What was the recall for ppts who had experienced MOST emotional stress (Yuille and Cutshall)?
83%
69%
78%
88%
34
Who did research on STM capacity?
Baddeley
Peterson and Peterson
Bahrick
Jacobs
35
What is the duration of the LTM according to the MSM
10-15 years
6 months
18-30 seconds
Minutes to a lifetime
36
What is the duration of the Sensory Store in the MSM?
18-30 seconds
Fraction of a second
10 seconds
Unlimited
37
Which of these are types of Misleading Information?
Post-event discussion
Leading Questions
Different perspectives
Interruptions
38
Which lists were remembered best in McGeoch and McDonald's study?
No new list then nonsense syllables
Synonyms then antonyms
No new list then 3-digit numbers
3-digit numbers then no new list
39
What does the central executive in the WMM do?
All of the above
Prioritises what should be paid attention to
Coordinates the other components
Delegate tasks
40
Who found brain scan evidence for separate types of LTM in separate locations?
Glanzer and Cunitz
Jacobs
Tulving
Turner
41
Which memory is distorted in PROactive interference?
New
Old
42
What was the average speed estimate for 'smashed' (Loftus and Palmer)?
37mph
33mph
41mph
31mph
43
How does the LTM encode information according to the MSM?
In raw form
Semantically
Acoustically
All of the above
44
What did Glanzer and Cunitz find evidence for?
Primacy-Recency effect
Separate visual and verbal components within the STM
Separate stores for the STM and LTM
Interference theory
45
In Baddeley's study which words were remembered WORST in delayed recall?
Semantically similar
Semantically dissimilar
Acoustically dissimilar
Acoustically similar
46
Bahrick found recall was % after 15 years
90
100
80
75
47
What did Gabbert investigate?
Context-dependent forgetting in the Cognitive Interview
The effects of leading questions on Eye-Witness Testimony
Effects of post-event discussion on Eye-Witness Testimony
The effects of state-dependent forgetting on EWT
48
What is the Substitution explanation for leading questions?
Question wording changes how you choose to answer (conform)
Question wording has no effect your answers
Question wording actually changes your memories of an event
49
Which of these aren't time-stamped?
Procedural and Semantic
Episodic, Semantic and Procedural
Procedural and Episodic
Semantic and Episodic
50
Which is the passive sub-section of the Phonological Loop in the WMM?
Inner ear
Articulary control system
Acoustic cache
Phonological store
51
Which lists were remembered worst in McGeoch and McDonald's study?
Synonyms then antonyms
3-digit numbers then unrelated words
Antonyms then synonyms
Synonyms then nonsense syllables
52
Whose study suggested anxiety has a POSITIVE effect on Eye-Witness Testimony?
Johnson and Scott
Yuille and Cutshall
53
In which country was Cognitive Interview seen to be more effective than interrogation?
Brazil
Argentina
Mexico
Peru
54
What did Baddeley measure recall of?
Acoustically similar and dissimilar words
Visually similar and dissimilar words
Semantically similar and dissimilar words
Orthographically similar and dissimilar words
55
Which was not a condition in McGeoch and McDonald's study?
Synonyms
Nonsense syllables
4 digit numbers
Antonyms
56
Who created the cognitive interview?
Fisher
Geiselman
Bates
Goatesman
57
Which is the active sub-section of the Phonological Loop in the WMM?
Articulary control system
Inner ear
Acoustic cache
Phonological store
58
What did Jacobs' study measure?
Memory of word lists
Digit span
Scores on a maths test
Face and name recognition
59
Bahrick found recall was % after 48 years
80
90
65
75
60
Which is a feature of the Cognitive Interview?
Emotional reinstatement
Mental recall
Mental reinstatement
61
Who did Luria study?
A Russian Journalist with a supposedly unlimited LTM
KF
Clive Wearing
Real-life rugby players
62
What did Peterson and Peterson find?
Recall was 80% after 3 seconds
Recall was 10% after 8 seconds
Recall was 80% after 10 seconds
Recall was 60% after 30 seconds
63
How does the sensory store encode information from the environment?
In raw form
Semantically
Visually
Acoustically
64
Who did Yuille and Cutshall study?
15 witnesses of a real-life robbery
11 witnesses of a real-life robbery
13 witnesses of a real-life shooting
11 witnesses of a real-life shooting
65
Which is a feature of the Cognitive Interview?
Angle adjustment
Change the location
Change the perspective
66
Which was Johnson and Scott's low anxiety condition?
Man walked out holding a bloody knife
Man walked out holding scissors
Man walked out holding a greasy pen
Man walked out holding a rubber chicken
67
What's this: Stress increases performance to an extent. After maximum performance it declines
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Yuille-Cushall Law
Baddeley-Hitch Law
Diathesis-Stress Law
68
Which is an issue with using case study evidence such as Clive Wearing and KM?
Individual differences
All of the above
Specific and extreme cases
Generalisability
69
Which was NOT an element of Johnson and Scott's procedure?
From the waiting room ppts heard an argument
From the waiting room ppts saw an argument
A man emerged from the waiting room
Ppts were told they were going to be in a lab experiment
70
Who created the enhanced cognitive interview?
Fisher
Geiselman
Goatesman
Bates
71
Which was NOT one of the key verbs in Loftus and Palmer's study?
Crashed
Collided
Contacted
Smashed
72
An alternaive theory says episodic and semantic memories are together in one store called .....
Knowing how
Interogative
Personal
Declarative
73
Which was Johnson and Scott's high anxiety condition?
Man walked out holding a rubber chicken
Man walked out holding scissors
Man walked out holding a bloody knife
Man walked out holding a greasy pen
74
What was the recall for ppts who had experienced LEAST emotional stress (Yuille and Cutshall)?
81%
75%
73%
68%
75
What is the duration of the STM according to the MSM?
up to a lifetime
10 seconds
18-30 seconds
Fraction of a second
76
What's this: attention focuses on the weapon not on anything else?
Attention focus theory
Weapon focus
Tube theory
Tunnel theory
77
Who did Godden and Baddeley study?
Deep sea divers
Rugby players
Student volunteers
78
Who did research on STM and LTM coding?
Peterson and Peterson
Jacobs
Baddeley
Bahrick
79
What is procedural memory?
Ability to recall the meanings of words
Ability to recall general knowledge and facts
Ability to recall skills
Ability to recall personal events from our lives
80
How does the STM encode information according to the MSM?
Visually
Semantically
In raw form
Acoustically
81
What did Godden and Baddeley study?
Context dependent forgetting: at school or at home
Context-dependent forgetting: land or underwater
State-dependent forgetting: sober or drunk
State-dependent forgetting: happy or sad
82
Tulving's Encoding Specificity Principle suggested that...
Cues only have to be present during retrieval
Cues have to be present during encoding and retrieval
Cues only have to be present during encoding
If cues are different or absent in either forgetting occurs
83
What is semantic memory?
Ability to recall personal events from our lives
Ability to recall the meanings of words
Ability to recall general knowledge and facts
Ability to recall skills
84
Research suggests the cognitive interview is LEAST effective on...
The elderly over 70
Teens between the age of 13 and 16
Children under 6
Older adults age 30-50
85
Bahrick studied recall of what?
Ex-classmates names and faces
Lists of words
Consonant trigrams
The last team rugby players played against
86
In Baddeley's study which words were remembered WORST in immediate recall?
Semantically similar
Acoustically similar
Semantically dissimilar
Acoustically dissimilar
87
What area in the brain is the episodic memory linked to?
Cerebellum
Corpus Collosum
Hippocampus
Temporal lobe
88
What is a real-life application of Retrieval Failure (state and context-dependent forgetting)?
Standard Police Interview
Cognitive Interview
89
Who was KF?
A man with impaired episodic memory
A man with impaired visual memory but intact verbal memory
A man with impaired verbal memory but intact visual memory
A man with impaired procedural memory
90
Which is NOT a feature of the standard police interview?
Pre-determined questions
Interruptions
Limited time
Open questions
91
Which is a feature of the Cognitive Interview?
Report everything
Detail recall
Say everything
92
Research suggests the cognitive interview is MOST effective on...
Children under 6
The elderly over 70
Teens between the age of 13 and 16
Older adults age 30-50
93
What was the average speed estimate for 'contacted' (Loftus and Palmer)?
41mph
31mph
37mph
33mph
94
Which describes interference theory?
Memories distorted by other memories
Forgetting due to an absence of memories
Forgetting due to insufficient cues
Memories displaced by other memories
95
What area in the brain is the procedural memory linked to?
Corpus Collosum
Temporal lobe
Hippocampus
Cerebellum
96
What element of Clive Wearing's memory was impaired
Semantic Memory
Sensory Memory
Procedural Memory
Short-Term Memory
97
What did the enhanced cognitive interview focus on?
Taking the witness back to the crime scene
Asking the witness more questions
Multiple interviews over an extended period
Establishing rapport with the witness

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