AP World History Unit 3

port cities where Europeans traded with Ming China

est. by Babur in India in 1526; rule flourished ~200yrs, became weak after Aurangzeb (beginning of 1700s)

(1593-1631) wife of Shah Jahan; active political role in court; emtombed in Taj Mahal

Portugese prince responsible for series of expeditions along African coast 1400s; marked beginning of W Europe expansion

(1400-1468) introduced movable type to W Europe in 1400s; credited w/ greatly expanding availability of printed books

(1508-1556) son & successor of Babur; expelled from India in 1540 (guest of Safavids), but restored Mughal rule by 1556

(1509-1564) French protestant who stressed doctrine of predestination; spread ideas of wider access to gov., public edu

(1494-1547) King of France; regarded as Renaissance monarch; imposed controls on Catholic Church; ally of Ottoman sultan

Red Heads

Portugese captain, sailed for India in 1497; est. early Portugese dominance in Indian Ocean

(1713-1784) French enlightenment figure best known for work on 1st encyclopedia

form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; est. by Henry VIII w/ himself as head (so he could divorce his wife)

war within Holy Roman Empire; most voilent of wars after Catholic reformation; ended in 1648 w/ Treaty of Westphalia

(1469-1527) emphasized realistic discussions on how to seize & maintain power; influential author of Italian Renaissance

(1577-1646) wife of Jahangir; amassed power in court & created faction of male relatives who eventually dominated empire

(1638-1715) French monarch of late 1600s who personified absolute monarchy

(1483-1530) founder of Mughal dynasty; descended form Turkic warriors; led invasion of India in 1526

Islamic ruler of mid 1500s; extended Songhay

(1578-1657) English physician who demonstrated circular movement of blood in animals, function of heart as pump

prime minister of Portugal (1755-1776); acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil; expelled Jesuits

Ottoman Empire

Mehmed II

conflict from 1640-1660; religious disputes & issues regarding powers of monarchy; ended in restoration of monarchy 1660

Isma'il

Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city laid out to Shah's plans; ex of Safavid architechture

new religious order founded under Catholic reformation; active in poilitics, education, missionary work

seclusion of women in their homes

focus on humankind as center of intellectual & artistic endeavor

mullahs

Abbas the Great

Akbar: most important Mughal ruler

(1723-1790) est liberal economics; argued that gov. should avoid regulation of economy in favor of operation of markets

originated 1400s among peasants & artisans of W Europe, feat. late marriage age & emphasis on nuclear family

Jesuit scholars who tried to convert rulers & chief advisors in Ming China; were skilled scientists

(1564-1642) published Copernicus' findings; added own discoveries on laws of gravity & planetary motion

general wave of religious dissent against Catholic Church; included many varieties of religious belief

(1720-1787) Spanish minister of the West Indies and chief architect of colonial reform

2 Geonese brothers, attempted to find western route to Indies; disappeared in 1291; precursors of movement in S Atlantic

Janissaries

term used to describe increase of global contacts from 1500s onward, particularly in trade

popular revolt against Spanish colonial rule in Colombia in 1781; suppressed as result of division among rebels

ended 30 yrs war in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within empire to chose Catholic or Protestant

religion initiated by Akbar in Mughal India; blended elements of faiths; failed attempt to reconcile Hindus & Muslims

English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king

(1483-1546) Geman monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to Wittenburg Church

(1731-1781) leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by lower classes; failed bc Creole fears of social revolution

most famous archetechural achievement of Mughal India; originally a mausoleum for Shah Jahan's wife, Mumtaz Mahal

sect in NW India; leaders tried to bridge diff. btwn Hindus & Muslims; Mughal persectution led to anti-Muslim feelings

(1618-1707) emperor who succeeded Shah Jahan; known for religious zealotry

Safavids

imams

concept of gov. developed during rise of nation-states in W Europe 1600s; feat. monarchs who passed laws w/o parliaments

people in western India who rebelled against Mughals in early 1700s

grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted after civil war btwn Catholic & Protestant factions

originated in England & Holland in 1600s, w/ monarchs partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments

cultural & intellectual movement in N Europe; began later than Italian; feat. greater emphasis on religion than Italian

(1473-1543) Polish monk & astronomer; disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was center of universe

(1759-1797) Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that political rights should extend to women

culminated in 1600s; period of empirical advances associated w/ development of wider theoretical generalizations

(1596-1650) est. importance of skeptical review of recieved wisdom

(1716-1788) Spanish enlightened monarch; instuted fiscal, admin., & military reforms in Spain and its empire

class of working people w/o access to wealth-producing property; in Europe, product of economic changes of 15-1600s

successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali (r.1464-1492)

(1712-1786) Prussian king of 1700s; attempted to introduce reforms into Germany

(1571-1630) prominent astronomer & mathematician in Scientific Revolution

Sail al-Din

Chaldiran

vizier

people of present-day Nigeria, formed under states following demise of Songhay; combined Muslim & pagan traditions

spread of interest in acquiring material goods & services below elite levels; growing economic capacity to afford these

(1561-1626) English philosopher, statesman, author, & scientist; known for work on scientific method

restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation

1688-1747; soldier-adventurer following fall of Safavid dynasty proclaimed himself shah in 1736; est short-lived dynasty

intellectual movement centered in France ~1700s; scientific advances, app. of scientific methods to study human society

burning widows on funeral pyres of their husbands (discouraged by Akbar)

(1611-1644) last of Ming emperors; committed suicide in face of capture of the Forbidden City

showed anger against the poor, uncertainties abt religious truth;resulted in death of 100,000;common in Protestant areas

regional kingdoms of the Iberian peninsula; pressed reconquest of peninsula from Muslims & united under Spanish monarchy