There is a negative correlation b/w TV watching and grades. What can be properly be concluded?

cannot conclude anything about cause and effect.

If a study is considered statsically significant, we can assume that

there is relatively small chance the results are due chance

Problems with longitudinal research is...

They cost a lot of money, Sample attrition

A correlational study __________________.

cannot establish a cause-effect relationship

To replicate an experiment means to

repeat experiment using the same or improve research methods

The correlation coefficient is

Less than or equal to 1 and greater than or equal to -1

There is a negative correlation between TV watching and grades. What can be concluded?

none of the above, TV watching causes poor grades

If a result is statistically significant, this means that the

There is < 5% likelihood that the results occured by chance

what are advantages of an experimental research

can determine cause and effect and can control confounds

What is cross sectional research?

Research evaluating outcomes at one point in time

What is survey research?

Gathering data by asking people questions about their knowledge, behavior,

the different types of packages; total sales for each pack

What does it mean when something is statistically significant?

Difference is not a result of chance

Which of the following is primarily a function of the left hemisphere of the brain?

speech production and interpretation

In an experiement, the operational definition serves what function?

to identify how the dependent variable will be measured

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Unit 2

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Questions 94

Answers

1
The three meansure of central tendency are
mean, variabligility, reliability
mean, medium, majority
mean, median, mode
standard deviation, range, mean
2
Prof. W. noticed that her class's scores on thier first test were b/w 89 and 14. This is the
correlation coefficient
standard deviation
range
sample size
3
One of the advantages of a cross sectional study is
You can study the same group of people over time
Detailed information about subjects
Inexpensive
Development changes can be studied in detail
4
There is a negative correlation b/w TV watching and grades. What can be properly be concluded?
Tv watching increases grades
Tv watching leads to lower grades
that this is an illusory correlation
cannot conclude anything about cause and effect.
5
A scientist's willlingness to admint that he is wrong is an example of
curiosity
humility
skepticism
intelligence
6
A correlation coefficient of -1.09 indicates a(n)
error in computation.
strong negative correlation.
cause/effect relationship.
strong positive correlation.
7
Which of the following correlation coefficients has the strongest relationship?
+0.33
-0.84
-0.56
+0.78
8
Psychology is defined as " the study of _______________________ and ________________________."
telepathy & ESP
cognition & emotion
behavior & mental processes
emotions & actions
9
Correlation does not equal causation
False
True
10
Statistical significance indicates that the results
are unlikely due to chance
cannot be based on chance
fit a normal distribution
have practical importance
11
what does descriptive research include?
debriefing
infomed consent
naturalistic observation
cause and effect
12
In the experiment studying the effects of alcohol on memory,
a confounding variable
the independent variable (IV)
participant bias
the dependant variable (DV)
13
Which of these shows the strongest correlation?
A
C
B
14
Descriptive statistics are a numerical set of data used to describe the data in a study.
False
True
15
Correlational research methods allow one to manipulate variables in a controlled environment.
True
False
16
If a study is considered statsically significant, we can assume that
the study has both an IV and DV
the study is conducted in a controlled enrivonment
there is relatively small chance the results are due chance
all participants are debriefed after the experiement
17
Problems with longitudinal research is...
They cost a lot of money
Sample attrition
Low ethics
18
A correlational study __________________.
is the equivalent of an experiment
is similar to a case study
cannot establish a cause-effect relationship
establishes a cause-effect relationship between 2 variables
19
Which correlation coefficent best represents the scatter plot below?
r = 0.9
r = -0.6
r= -0.1
r= 0.5
20
Data with a relatively low standard deviation can best be described as having more
generalizability
consistency
errors
validity
21
To replicate an experiment means to
use statistics to determine the effect of chance.
repeat experiment using the same or improve research methods
control for the effects of extraneous variables.
use control groups and experimental groups.
22
The correlation coefficient is
Greater than or equal to 1 and less than and equal to -1
Less than or equal to 1 and greater than or equal to -1
Less than 1 and greater than -1
Does not exist
23
Experiment where neither researcher or subject knows details of the experiment, i.e. control is
unstructured
case study
double blind
naturalistic
24
The following is known as....
hindsight bias
confirmation bias
placebo effect
double-blind effect
25
Applied research is research with
Clear uses and applications
experimental biases
no use, but is interesting
confounding variables
26
What Correlation is this?
No Correlation
Negative
Positive
Outlier
27
In a normal distribution,
68%
95%
5%
33%
28
There is a negative correlation between TV watching and grades. What can be concluded?
cause and effect
none of the above
Poor grades result from TV watching
TV watching causes poor grades
29
One of the biggest controversies in psychology today is a age-old debate: Nature vs. Nurture or
Empiricism vs. Determinism
Strucuralism vs. Functionalism
genetics vs. Environmental
Behavioralism vs. Psychoanalysis
30
Ethical standards are established and imposed by the __________ to guard participants.
TOPPS
PSY
APA
AMA
31
If a result is statistically significant, this means that the
Participants receive scored over 50%
Rresults of the test are positively correlated with another
There is < 5% likelihood that the results occured by chance
Scores were less than 1 standard deviation from the mean
32
what are advantages of an experimental research
has ecological validity
can only test medications
cant control cause and effect
can determine cause and effect and can control confounds
33
What is cross sectional research?
Research which establishes a cause and effect
Research which finds an association between two variables
Research evaluating outcomes at one point in time
Research evaluating changes over time
34
What is survey research?
Method where investigator manipulates on or more factors to see behavior-
An observation technique in which one person or small group is studied
An approach that follows a group of people over time to view behavior
Gathering data by asking people questions about their knowledge, behavior,
35
Researchers studying gender found there are more similarities than differences b/w genders
True
False
36
Which of the following would be the strongest correlation?
.12
-.34
-.7
.63
37
IV and DV
the new brand of cookie, another brand of cookie
the different types of packages; total sales for each pack
totals sales for each package; the different types of packs
another brand of cookie; the new brand of cookie
38
Dr. Cho is
double-blind study
sampling size
case study
single-blind study
39
Which of the following psychologists would most likely explore how we view & affect each other?
Cognitive
Social
Psychoanalytical
Biological
40
What is a measure of how much scores vary around the mean score?
standard deviation
mean
variation
median
41
In a simple experiment, the two groups of subjects are treated alike except for the__ variable.
extraneous
extraneous
dependent
independent
42
Does this have a positive or negative correlation?
None
Positive
Negative
What...
43
What type of correlation?
No correlation
Positive correlation
Negative correlation
44
Perfect Positive Correlation
0.5
1
0
0.99
45
The conditions that a researcher wishes to prevent from affecting the experiment are called
dependent variables.
constants.
extraneous variables.
independent variables.
46
What does it mean when something is statistically significant?
The results are unreliable
The results should be considered unimportant
Difference is a result of chance
Difference is not a result of chance
47
Dr. Sanborn is most likely using what type of research method?
naturalistic observation
experimental
case study
twin studies
48
Which of the following is primarily a function of the left hemisphere of the brain?
control of the left arm
spatial reasoning
speech production and interpretation
creativity
49
In an experiement, the operational definition serves what function?
to identify how the dependent variable will be measured
identify the standard deviation within the given experiement
to randomly assign subjects to their appropriate group
to dientify a possible illusory correlation
50
Random assignment allows the researcher to more accurately
infer cause and efect
develop more predictive correlations
perceive order in random events
make generalizations
51
What type of correlation?
negative correlation
positive correlation
no correlation
52
....
the presences or absence of cookies
students in the class that didn't recieve ciikies
the period of the day that the two classes met
semester grades
53
A perceived but nonexistent correlation is a(n)
illusory correlation
scatterplot
correlation
random sample
54
In Psychology, results are said to be statistically significant if the p-value is
p <.05
p >.05
p <.08
p >.08
55
Which is a statistical index of the relationship between two things?
normal curve
correlation coefficient
correlation
scatterplot
56
In this experiment, participants receiving drug Y constitute the
control group
experiemental group
dependent variable (DV)
dependent goup
57
Dr. Mallord
random assignment
random
random selection
random placement
58
What is an illusionary correlation?
flawed sample process that produces an unrepresentive sample
extent to which a test predicts what is supposed to happen
measure of the extent to which two varibles change together
the perception of a relationship where none exsists
59
Ethics in research are:
a thrill to throw to the four winds
important
a joke
a waste of time
60
Applied research is research with
Clear uses and applications
experimental biases
no use, but is interesting
confounding variables
61
When a distribution of scores is skewed, the best representation of central tendency is the
median
mode
mean
correlation coefficient
62
what are advantages of an experimental research
cant control cause and effect
can determine cause and effect and can control confounds
can only test medications
has ecological validity
63
What can Correlational infer?
Relationship only
Neither Relationship nor Causation
Both Relationship and Causation
Causation only
64
If the correlation coefficent is r= .8, what does that mean?
There is a strong, positive correlation
not enough information to tell
There is a strong, negative correlation
There is no correlation
65
This is what type of correlation
Negative
Positve
66
Which of the following methods would be most useful in reasching a cause-and-effect conclusion?
case study
experimental
survey
naturalistic observation
67
What is a longitudinal study in research?
The systematic study of people and cultures.
Repeated observations of the same variables over time.
A study examining the relationship between variables.
Study of a particular person, group, or situation over time.
68
...
exposure to chalk dust
memory retention
the amount of time between exposures
ability to form mnemonics
69
what is the goal for a correlational research
cause and effect
identity relationships
third variable problems
central tendancy
70
What are cross sectional studies?
restudying the same people over time
comparing people of different ages
feeling that one's life has been meaningful and worthwhile
a type of maturing
71
The idea that knowledge originates in experience is defined as
structuralism
funtionalism
empiricism
psychoanalysis
72
...
range
standard deviation
correlation coefficient
mean
73
In most people, which of the following is a specific function of the left hemisphere?
Producing speech
Control of the left hand
Spatial reasoning
Abstract reasoning
74
...
correlation
survey
case study
experiement
75
Correlational research is focused on
describing an event
the relationship between variables
using math to prove an interaction
proving causation
76
Correlational research methods allow one to manipulate variables in a controlled environment.
False
True
77
What does a Longitudinal study measure?
Different representative groups (age groups or ethnicities)
How a group of people change in behavior over a period of time
the effect of some behaviors or mental processes
How alike two factors are
78
A theory is considered accurate if
it's acceptd by a majority of scientists
it's published in a book
it's derived logically from prior evidence
data supports it predictions
79
Correlation always prove causation
False
True
80
Which of the following ethical principles was clearly violated in this study?
the right to have a copy of the survey
the right to be protected from unnecessary risk of harm
the right to refuse to participate in the study
the right to have a copy of the results
81
Descriptive statistics allow the researcher to make generalizations to a wider population.
True
False
82
Which research method leads to the most generalizations?
random sample
experiments
surveys
case studies
83
If you volunteer or agree to participate in a psychological experiment, you are guaranteed ____
nothing
good copensation
credit
full disclosure
84
Longitudinal research allow researchers to follow a group across time to document any changes
False
True
85
A disadvantage of experimental research is that one can't conrol for all confounding variables.
False
True
86
Positive or Negative Correlation?
Negative
Positive
87
Experimenters intend for laboratory environments to
be a simplified reality
separate basic and applied research
replicate unreal-world situations
discover data with limited generalizability
88
What are phonemes?
gaps between speech sounds that make a word
syllables
smallest structural units of sound in speech
the smallest meaningful units of sound in speech
89
Surveys explain behavior.
False
True
90
If I give my son, Sean, a sugar pill when he complains of a headache & his headache goes away.
double blind
placebo effect
illusory correlation
91
Which best describes a negative correlation
As one variable rises the other falls
As one variable falls, so does the other
There is no relationship
Both variables rise and then fall
92
A representative sample is an essential element of the
natural experiment or case study.
clinical method.
survey method.
psychoanalytic method.
93
To be confident that a cause-and-effect relationship exists, it is necessary to
perform a controlled experiment.
engage in naturalistic observation.
test for a negative correlation.
develop a positive correlation.
94
What does this correlation mean?
The less one listens to heavy metal, the more books read
as age of one decreases, the number of book read decreases
The more one listens to heavy metal, the more books read
as the age of one increases, the number of read decreases

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