The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..

the personal qualities of the residents

Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...

assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...

you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression

According to the medical model...

abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease

A valid test is one that...

measures what it is supposed to measure

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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review 2018

150 termsStudBud Administration42 plays

A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.

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Questions 150

Answers

1
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
autonomic nerves
afferent nerves
efferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
2
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
intermediate-term
sensory
long-term
short-term
3
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a false alarm
a superimposed stimulus
subliminal perception
a just noticeable difference
4
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
boat-goat
car-nose
tree-bird
fill-feed
5
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 2
stage 4
REM
stage 1
6
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
alpha
gamma
beta
delta
7
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the law of cognitive dissonance
the principle of collectivism
display rules
the reciprocity norm
8
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
problem-solving theory
activation-synthesis theory
wish fulfillment theory
None of the Above
9
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cognitive structuring
cultural direction
stereotypes
schematizing
10
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Wernicke's area
Broca's area
Sperry's area
Cannon's area
11
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender behaviors
gender roles
gender differences
gender stereotypes
12
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
criterion-related validity
standardized validity
content validity
13
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
chunk
semantic network
schema
script
14
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
crowded living conditions
poor police protection
the personal qualities of the residents
job discrimination experienced by the residents
15
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
surprise
happiness
fear
16
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
spontaneous remission
extinction
conditioned forgetting
unconditioning
17
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous wakefulness
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous sleep
become aggressive
18
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
intelligence
introspection
mentalism
cognition
19
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
halo effect in aggression
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
basis for performing pro-social behavior
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
20
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
smelling an odor
hearing a sound
seeing a flash of light
moving a part of his body
21
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
22
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
23
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
fast-mapping
overextension
semantic slanting
metalinguistic awareness
24
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the control group
the correlational group
the observational group
the experimental group
25
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
corpus callosum
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
medulla
26
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
lens
iris
vitreous humor
cornea
27
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
leftbrain/right brain communication
limbic system
reticular formation
endocrine system
28
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
the internal state causes the facial expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
29
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
personality
temperament
behavioral quality
attachment
30
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
cannabis
alcohol
narcotics
sedatives
31
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the triarchic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
attention encoding
the semantic level of encoding
32
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
content
criterion-related
construct
absolute
33
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
behavior is to motive
thought is to perception
feeling is to thinking
attitude is to action
34
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
exposure to light
amount of time awake
amount of time alseep
cultural practices
35
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
latent learning
insight learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
36
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
step-wise conditioning
selection
stimulus discrimination
shaping
37
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
G. Stanley Hall
Wilhelm Wundt
William James
Rene Decartes
38
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
39
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
standardized; intelligence
personality; standardized
intelligence; standardized
intelligence; personality
40
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
cocaine
heroin
mescaline
marijuana
41
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
neurotransmitters
agonists
antagonists
action potentials
42
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a clinical psychologist
a forensic psychologist
a social psychologist
a developmental psychologist
43
What is somnambulism?
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-talking
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-walking
44
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
investment differentiations
display rules
parental investments
social scripts
45
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
industry vs. inferiority
initiative vs. guilt
trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
46
A valid test is one that...
has been standardized but not normed
measures what it is supposed to measure
is reliable
is consistent
47
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
narcolepsy
insomnia
sleep apnea
pseudoinsomnia
48
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the proximodistal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
the cephalopedal trend
encephalitis
49
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
location of injury
spinal cord
cortex
thalamus
50
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
physiological recordings
direct observation
questionnaires
psychological tests
51
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the endocrine system
feeding
the autonomic nervous system
memory
52
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
classical conditioning
observational learning
superstitious behavior
positive reinforcement
53
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
operant conditioning
observational learning
reinforcement
classical conditioning
54
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
pancreas
sebaceous gland
55
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
observational learning
punishment
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
56
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
strange situation
secure-avoidant
attachment probing
shared inhibition
57
A perceptual set implies that...
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
people often see what they expect to see
58
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scores
test norms
test levels
test scales
59
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
personality
anxiety
mood
schizophrenic
60
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
overestimating the improbable
the conjunction fallacy
the confirmation bias
the gambler's fallacy
61
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
abstract operations
systematic hypothesis testing
logical reasoning
physical interaction
62
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a compulsion
a phobia
an obsession
a delusion
63
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
conformity
deindividuation
group polarization
social loafing
64
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
genetic influences on IQ
group differences in basic intelligence
a variety of environmental factors
changes in testing procedures
65
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
obsessions
hallucinations
illusions
delusions
66
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
availability heuristic
law of small numbers
conjunction heuristic
representativeness heuristic
67
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
modeled
retrieved
ablated
encoded
68
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
postconventional
concrete
conventional
preconventional
69
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological stability
physiological instability
psychological instability
physiological stability
70
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
groupthink
cognitive dissonance
conformity
obedience
71
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-avoidance conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-approach conflict
72
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the absolute refractory period
transduction capacity
the relative threshold period
transduction incapacity
73
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
formal operations
development of secondary sex characteristics
post-conventional moral reasoning
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
74
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
conversion disorder
panic disorder
bipolar disorder
fugue
75
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
lateral processing
bottom-to-top processing
top-down processing
bottom-up processing
76
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
episodic memories
non-declarative memories
flashbulb memories
sensory memories
77
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
repression
neurogenic amnesia
avoidance
suppression
78
Framing refers to...
presenting irrelevant information
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting only part of the information required
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
79
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
mental age
IQ
a potential score
a percentile score
80
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete retrieval failure
partial storage
complete storage failure
partial retrieval
81
What is cognitive dissonance?
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
82
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
coping mechanisms
offense mechanisms
id mechanisms
defense mechanisms
83
The superego is Freud's term for...
the conscious aspect of personality
the moral component of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the mediating agent between the id and ego
84
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
symmetry
similiarity
closure
constancy
85
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
reversibility
egocentrism
centration
conservation
86
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
cookie
i wanted a cookie
give cookie
I eated a cookie
87
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
observational learning
operant conditioning
state-dependent learning
classical conditioning
88
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
sing a song
print letters
89
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
hallucinations
reduction of inhibitions
total loss of personal control
resistance to pain
90
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
pitch
timbre
decibels
loudness
91
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
linguistic heuristics
morphemes
phonemes
syntax
92
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
processing
perception
sensation
attention
93
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
brainstem
limbic system
reticular formation
cerebellum
94
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
avoidance therapy
systematic desensitization
aversion therapy
psychotherapy
95
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
bipolar
unipolar
cyclical
dissociative
96
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
just noticeable difference
subliminal threshold
absolute threshold
sensory memory
97
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
means
percentiles
standard deviation
correlation coefficients
98
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus discrimination
spontaneous recovery
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus generalization
99
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring dissent from group members
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
100
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
mechanical
spatial
musical
logical-mathemathical
101
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
representativeness
predictability
accuracy of inference
consistency
102
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were put into a simulated prison
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
103
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
acetylcholine
endorphin
dopamine
serotonin
104
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mean
midpoint
median
mode
105
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
light purity
color
brightness
saturation
106
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
107
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
latency
oral
genital
anal
108
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold information for a lifetime
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
put information into long-term memory
109
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
marital problems
schizophrenia
anxiety disorders
bipolar disorder
110
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
occipital cortex
medulla
hypothalamus
prefrontal cortex
111
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an aptitude test
a personality test
an achievement test
an intelligence test
112
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a hallucinogen
a narcotic
an amphetamine
a sedative
113
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
opiates
teratogens
pathogens
prenatals
114
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in agreeableness
low in extraversion
high in neuroticism
low in openness
115
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the brain
behavior
the unconscious
conscious experience
116
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
temporal lobe
oval window
stirrup
cochlea
117
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
electrographic tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
positron emission tomography
computerized tomography
118
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
positive reinforcement
avoidance learning
escape learning
an unconditioned response
119
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
light
salivation
tone
food/meat powder
120
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
incentive theory
evolutionary theory
drive theory
instinct theory
121
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
unrealistic demands from family/friends
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
122
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
compensation
regression
displacement
fixation
123
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
fluid
crystallized
procedural
episodic
124
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the conscious
irrational thoughts
the unconscious
maladaptive behaviors
125
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
gustatory bulbs
smell buds
olfactory cilia
sciatic receptors
126
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thyroid
thalamus
gonads
pituitary
127
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
fear reaction
rat
rabbit
loud noise
128
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use a holistic decision model
are using the representativeness heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the availability heuristic
129
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a heuristic observation
a self-serving attribution
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a contravened stereotype
130
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
mnemonic
morphemic
platonic
phonemic
131
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
perception
hypnosis
sensation
consciousness
132
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
psychoanalysis
behaviorism
functionalism
neodynamism
133
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
134
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recognition
recall
relearning
reiteration
135
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
functionalism
individualism
attributionism
collectivism
136
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
behavioral
humanistic
cognitive
psychoanalytic
137
An antagonist...
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
extends the absolute refractory period
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
138
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
intelligence
reasoning
insight
creativity
139
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a behavior rating
a deceptive test
a projective test
a self-report inventory
140
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he always gets in fights
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he's just like his father
141
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
aggressiveness
manipulative behavior
social charm
excessive guilt
142
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
pseudoforgetting
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
retroactive interference
143
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
change
conflict
pressure
frustration
144
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
stereotaxic inversion
tumor ligation
ESB
lesioning
145
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
cross-sectional
sequential
time of testing
longitundinal
146
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an internal attribution
a situational attribution
a distinctive attribution
an external attribution
147
Anhedonia is when a person...
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has trouble getting along with people
has two different psychological disorders
experiences mild manic states
148
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
self-serving bias
stereotypes
attributions
prejudices
149
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
a headache
not really been asleep
not been dreaming
been dreaming
150
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
thalamus
corpus callosum
pineal gland
parietal lobe

AP Psychology - AP Exam Review 2018 Flashcards | StudBud