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Duplicate of AP Final Exam Review (2025)
Duplicate of AP Final Exam Review (2025)
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1
What method allows the researcher to show an independent variable has an effect on a dependent variable?
experimental method
ethnography
correlational method
naturalistic observation
2
Which of the following is a binocular depth cue?
convergence
relative size
texture gradient
interposition
3
Flip books create the illusion of motion by using which of the following?
the stroboscopic effect
the visual cliff
the placebo effect
relative size
4
Learning is synonymous with __________.
extinction
spontaneous recovery
acquisition
generalization
5
What is the process called when you are first teaching a new behavior and you reward the behavior each time it occurs?
variable-ratio schedule
instinctive drift
continuous reinforcement
fixed-interval schedule
6
Which of these would be most helpful for smelling a fresh batch of cookies?
papillae
iris
olfactory bulb
tympanic membrane
7
Schizophrenia has often been linked to an excess of __________.
epinephrine
GABA
dopamine
serotonin
8
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
thalamus
location of injury
cortex
spinal cord
9
The correlation coefficient between SAT scores and IQ scores = 0.82. This means that
as SAT scores increase, so do IQ scores
SAT scores have little to no correlation to IQ scores
as SAT scores increase, IQ scores decrease
as SAT scores decrease, IQ scores increase
10
This part of the brain controls blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing.
midbrain
pons
hindbrain
medulla
11
This theory consists of 8 stages, each centering on a specific social conflict (e.g., trust vs. mistrust).
ecological systems theory
attachment theory
psychosocial stage theory
cognitive development theory
12
In this type of study, neither the participant nor the researcher knows to which group a participant has been assigned.
convenience sampling
double-blind study
stratified sampling
single-blind study
13
Which best describes this distribution?
negatively skewed
positively skewed
bimodal
normal
14
Cognition and reactions might be caused by the effects of all of the following EXCEPT
hormones
somnambulism
neurotransmitters
genes
15
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
loud noise
fear reaction
rabbit
rat
16
This determines whether or not findings can be applied to the larger population from which the sample was selected.
inferential statistics
statistical significance
descriptive statistics
correlational method
17
The more students practice their band instruments, the fewer mistakes they make. This is a _____.
negative correlation
strong correlation
spurious correlation
positive correlation
18
Which of the following are most numerous in the human eye?
rods
bipolar cells
cones
ganglion cells
19
What principle is illustrated by going inside an air-conditioned building when it’s really hot outside?
positive punishment
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
negative punishment
20
As people get older, their __________ intelligence tends to stabilize or may even increase.
fluid
crystallized
analytic
abstract
21
The iris is a muscle that regulates the size of the __________ through which light enters.
cornea
lens
retina
pupil
22
What is the correct term for drugs that block neurotransmitters from being absorbed into dendrites?
agonists
depressants
hallucinogens
antagonists
23
Bandura, Ross, and Ross’s Bobo doll experiment demonstrated __________.
observational learning
abstract learning
atent learning
insight learning
24
The variable that the experimenter manipulates is the
confounding variable
independent variable
dependent variable
control variable
25
According to Piaget’s cognitive development theory, what is one of the first schemes that humans learn as infants?
information processing
preconventional reasoning
conservation of volume
object permanence
26
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
latent learning
classical conditioning
insight learning
operant conditioning
27
Researchers used __________ to investigate how humans perceive images as a whole rather than by individual elements.
humanism
Gestalt psychology
behaviorism
eclectic therapy
28
You receive a free sandwich after the fifth, eighth, and eleventh sandwich you buy. What type of schedule is this?
fixed-interval
variable-ratio
continuous
fixed-ratio
29
Weber’s law can help compute which of the following?
the difference threshold
bottom-up processing
perceptual set
top-down processing
30
According to the contingency model of classical conditioning, learning is due to the __________.
principle of continuous reinforcement
repeated pairing of the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
expectation the unconditioned stimulus will follow the conditioned stimulus
schedule of reinforcement
31
Which sampling method guarantees that every person in a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample?
matrix
random
representative
stratified
32
What type of study is it when only the participants do not know to which group they have been assigned?
double-blind study
Likert scale study
single-blind study
survey method
33
What is the brain structure most closely involved in our memory system?
corpus callosum
reticular formation
hippocampus
pons
34
All of these are primary reinforcers EXCEPT
water
money
food
rest
35
The correlation coefficient between student absences and student achievement = -0.78. This means that
as student absences decrease, so does student achievement
as student absences increase, so does student achievement
student absences have little to no correlation to student achievement
as student absences increase, student achievement decreases
36
All of the following are stages of Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Stage Theory EXCEPT
autonomy versus shame and doubt
initiative versus guilt
trust versus mistrust
sensorimotor versus preoperational
37
Which best describes this distribution?
positively skewed
bimodal
negatively skewed
normal
38
Opiates act as agonists for this neurotransmitter.
dopamine
GABA
endorphins
serotonin
39
A statistically significant result is _____.
positive
unlikely to be due to chance
negative
important
40
Which of the following is
not
considered ethical according to the APA's Code of Ethics?
informed consent
sharing results that are undesirable to the participants
deception
debriefing
41
This is a process used to put participants into a group (experimental or control) without bias.
random sampling
random assignment
group matching
structured interview
42
The 3 major categories of the entire human brain are the __________.
old brain, new brain, and cerebral cortex
hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain
neurons, synapses, and cerebral cortex
lower, middle, and upper brain
43
What does the cerebellum regulate?
arousal
muscle movement
emotions
memory
44
The unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov’s experiments with dogs was __________.
fear
salivation
food
the ringing of the bell
45
Differences between experimental and control groups (other than the independent variable) are _____.
confounding variables
secondary variables
unreliable variables
dependent variables
46
Preferring stimuli we’ve seen before, even if we don’t remember seeing them, is an example of what phenomenon?
rapid eye movement
mere-exposure effect
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
47
This refers to when new connections are formed in the brain to take over for damaged sections.
linguistic processing
lesioning
contralateral control
brain plasticity
48
Which research method should be chosen to answer a research question that includes a causal inference?
case study
experiment
naturalistic observation
survey
49
QuizAn inability to think hypothetically reflects a lack of __________.
concrete operations
conservation
formal operations
classification
50
Theoretically, random assignment should eliminate ________.
concerns over validity or reliability
sampling error
the need to analyze data with statistics
differences between participants in the experimental and control groups
51
Ethical guidelines for psychological research are established by the _____.
American Psychological Association
Department of Mental Health
U.S. Department of Ethics in Research
Institutional Review Board
52
If your teacher quizzes you every three days, studying is being reinforced on a __________ schedule.
fixed-interval
variable interval
variable ratio
fixed-ratio
53
This type of developmental psychology research method examines one group of participants over a long period of time.
cross-sectional research
a structured interview
debriefing
longitudinal research
54
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
cochlea
temporal lobe
oval window
stirrup
55
Which of these scenarios best illustrates
negative punishment
?
A parent sternly lectures a teenager who misses curfew.
A parent takes away a cell phone when a teenager misses curfew.
A parent stops lecturing once the teenager cleans his room.
A parent gives a teenager his allowance once he cleans his room.
56
QuizResearch indicates that the lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus are important for which human drive?
affection
sex
violence
hunger
57
All of the following have been categorized as core virtues or character strengths in positive psychology EXCEPT
justice
wisdom
extravagance
humanity
58
Which of these is NOT a common measure of central tendency?
median
mode
standard deviation
mean
59
Which of the following brain structures plays an important role in emotional regulation and directing thought processes?
amygdala
reticular formation
prefrontal cortex
cerebellum
60
CAT and MRI scans provide what kind of information about the brain?
neural activity
psychological diagnosis
structure
function
61
The cocktail party effect (e.g., rerouting your attention when hearing your name at a loud party) demonstrates ________.
proximity
transduction
selective attention
visuospatial sketchpad
62
Some people need glasses because this structure in their eye can no longer focus light effectively.
cornea
pupil
lens
retina
63
This netlike collection of cells throughout the midbrain controls body arousal and the ability to focus our attention.
cerebellum
reticular formation
amygdala
hippocampus
64
A(n) ________ is a conjecture that expresses a relationship between two variables.
observation
hypothesis
sampling
operational definition
65
Learning by watching and copying someone is called __________.
instrumental learning
modeling
the law of effect
latent learning
66
Transduction takes place in which structure in the eye?
retina
lens
pupil
cornea
67
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
classical conditioning
reinforcement
operant conditioning
observational learning
68
Which of these is an example of top-down processing?
perceptual set
the Müller-Lyer illusion
proximity
the phi phenomenon
69
Which of the following could be an operational definition of
excitement
in an experiment?
displaying a feeling of anticipation
having an increased heart rate
possessing anticipatory emotions
being filled with enthusiasm
70
Sweet
,
sour
,
salty
, and
bitter
are all terms associated with which of the following?
place theory
kinesthetic sense
gustation
ganglion cells
71
According to Jean Piaget’s stage theory, how do human beings learn?
through reliability and validity
through retroactive and proactive memory
through assimilation and accommodation
through operant and classical conditioning
72
Blindness could be the result of damage to the visual cortex in the __________.
occipital lobe
parietal lobe
frontal lobe
temporal lobe
73
As per the correlational method, ______ between two things means the presence of one predicts the presence of the other.
a neutral correlation
a positive correlation
a negative correlation
a third variable
74
This part of the peripheral nervous system controls voluntary muscle movements.
sympathetic nervous system
somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
75
Behaviorists explain human thought and behavior in terms of __________.
introspection
the unconscious mind
conditioning
validity
76
Which of the following reflexes help babies find a food source?
rooting
Babinski
grasping
Moro
77
When researchers opt to observe participants in their natural habitats without interacting with them, it is __________.
correlation method
case study method
single blind
naturalistic observation
78
When you give a dog a treat when he sits on command, that is an example of __________.
negative reinforcement
positive reinforcement
observational learning
taste aversion
79
Giving a child a new toy after she picks up her toys 3 times in a row is an example of which reinforcement schedule?
fixed-ratio
variable-ratio
variable-interval
fixed-interval
80
Bo has used the data he collected & organized to draw a conclusion and to make a prediction. This is an example of
descriptive statistics
a case study
delusional behavior
inferential statistics
81
Recognizing that one whole pizza is the same as 8 separate slices is an example of what principle?
conservation of number
conservation of area
zone of proximal development
overregularization
82
Bo has collected a lot of data and organized it into charts & graphs. This is an example of
descriptive statistics
the experimental method
delusional behavior
inferential statistics
83
According to this theory, we have 3 types of cones in our retinas and each detects a different primary color of light.
trichromatic theory
place theory
frequency theory
opponent-process theory
84
A perceptual set implies that...
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
people often see what they expect to see
85
Identify the independent variable:
If teachers assign more homework, then their AP scores will increase.
AP test scores
the amount of homework
86
This diagnostic test detects brain waves and is used in sleep research to identify stages of sleep and dreaming.
magnetic resonance imaging
positron emissions tomography
electroencephalogram
computerized axial tomography
87
Responsible for controlling the muscles involved in producing speech, Broca’s area is located where in the body?
occipital lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
frontal lobe
88
What is the most commonly occurring score in a distribution?
standard deviation
mode
median
range
89
Identify the dependent variable:
If teens play violent video games, then they will be more likely to commit violent acts
violent video games
violent acts
90
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-to-top processing
top-down processing
ateral processing
bottom-up processing
91
You earned a perfect score on your test, but everyone else failed. If this distribution were graphed, it would be _____.
symmetrical
negatively skewed
normal
positively skewed
92
This neurotransmitter is responsible for motor movement.
dopamine
GABA
acetylcholine
serotonin
93
A monocular depth cue in which objects that overlap other objects are perceived to be closer is called __________.
retinal disparity
interposition
linear perspective
shadowing
