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Antibiotics in Cattle - 1 & 2 Flashcards | StudBud
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Antibiotics in Cattle - 1 & 2
Antibiotics in Cattle - 1 & 2
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Answers
1
Which of the following are prohibited drugs for extra label use?
Cephalosporins; disease prevention
Ipronidazole; other nitroimidazoles; furazolidone; Nitrofurazone
Sulfonamide and fluoroquinolones in lactating dairy cattle
Glycopeptides; phenylbutazone in female cattle 20 months or older
Chloramphenicol; Clenbuterol; Diethlstillbesterol (DES); Dimetridazole
2
Which of the following are matched correctly
Feed - Prescription
Water - VFD
Water - Prescription
Feed - VFD
3
How do you treat coagulase Positive Staphs?
If new IMI in lactation Pirsue (pirlimycin) all 4 or single quarter
Do not feed mastitis/staph aureus positive milk to heifers
Following tx cows with 2 negative cultures return to herd
Feed back mastitis/staph aureus positive milk to heifers
Following tx cows with 3 negative cultures return to herd
Dry treatment for cows and heifers with penicillin
4
What is true of dry cow therapy in heifers?
90% breeding/bred heifers have IMI - coagulase POSITIVE staph or staph a.
Reduced spread of Staph. a in lactating herd
SCC reduced by 5-% at calving vs. controls
90% breeding/bred heifers have IMI - coagulase NEGATIVE staph or staph a.
Dry tx cure rate = 90-100%
Milk production increased over 10%
5
What is true of Staph aureus - Coagulase positive?
Negative economic impact - increased SCC and decreased milk production
Wear gloves, single use towel, post milking teat dips
Severe clinical intramammary infections that become chronic
Highly contagious, gram and coagulase positive - zoonotic = wear gloves
Can cause high rate of clinical mastitis
Subclinical intramammary infections that become chronic
6
What is the MOA of
Tetracyclines
RNA
30s ribosomal subunit
50s ribosomal subinit
DNA gyrase
50s and 30s subunits
Folic acid
7
Which of the following are
acquired
mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance?
Use - increased selection pressure - people are the problem
Change in target decreased affinity for gyrase
Campylobacter resistance to fluoroquinolines, pt mutation
Restricted uptake: cell wall, high lipid content - Mycoplasma
Most often the case
Spontaneous mutation, horizontal gene transfer, plasmid acquisition
8
Which two drugs are synergistic?
Aminoglycosides
Macrolides
Tetracyclines
Sulfa drugs
Penicillin
Cephalosporins
9
How do you treat Gram - mastitis vs Gram - mastitis?
Negative: strip affected quarters every couple hours
Positive: intramammary antibiotics
Negative: intramammary antibiotics
Positive: strip affected quarters every couple hours
Negative: Treat endotoxemia (Banamine; Polymyxin B)
Negative: Systemic abx: oxytetracycline for bacteremia
10
What is the mechanism of action of Penicillin and cephalosporins?
30s ribosomal subunit
50s ribosomal subinit
50s and 30s subunits
DNA gyrase
Cell wall - inhibit peptioglycan mucopeptide
Folic acid
11
What do you do when treating a cow?
Use partial insertion tech so wont carry bacteria into the streak canal
After infusing, reverse strip teat
Use full insertion tech so wont carry bacteria into the streak canal
Wear gloves, milk cow, apply leg band
12
How do you treat E. coli coliform mastitis?
Fluids, anti-inflammatories (banamine&polymyxin B)
Calcium, transfaunate, keep cow eating
Intramammary Ceftiofur - early detection + freq stripping + support
Anti-inflamatories (phenylbutazone)
Tx immediately - systemic & supportive tx; strip quarters every few hours
Systemic antimicrobial therapy (LA-200 IV for bacteremia)
13
What is true of Tetradur LA-300 Injection
Narrow range of gram positive and no gram negative
Wide range of gram positive and gram negative
Certain mycoplasmas, rickettsias, protozoans, Chlamydiae, C. renale
All mycoplasmas, rickettsias, protozoans, Chlamydiae, C. renale
14
Which of the following are approved for treating/preventing Flu A are PROHIBITED from ELU in chickens, turkeys, ducks
Dimetridazole
Clenbuterol
Adamantane
Neuraminidase inhibitors
15
Antibiotic uses
Non-therapeutic antibiotic use
Therapeutic antibiotic use
Prophylaxis
Antibiotic growth promoter
Metaphylaxis
16
Which of the following are
intrinsic
mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance?
Enzyme inactivates: penicillinase in staph
Efflux pumps: transport proteins move out of cell, Myco, Escher, Psudomonas
Change in target decreased affinity for gyrase
Spontaneous mutation, horizontal gene transfer, plasmid acquisition
Restricted uptake: cell wall, high lipid content - Mycoplasma
Lacks binding site
17
What is true of E. coli - coliform mastitis?
decreased vascular permeability
Release endotoxin and other inflammatory mediators when killed
Gram + rod, anaerobic, other coliforms: Klebsiella, enterobacter
Local inflammation and increased vascular permeability
Gram - rod, facultative anaerobe; other coliforms: klebsiella, enterobacter
Damage mammary epithelial cells
18
How do you treat Gram + mastitis vs Gram - mastitis?
Positive: intramammary antibiotics
Negative: intramammary antibiotics
Negative: Systemic abx: oxytetracycline for bacteremia
Negative: strip affected quarters every couple hours
Positive: strip affected quarters every couple hours
Negative: Treat endotoxemia (Banamine; Polymyxin B)
19
A VFD drug is a drug intended for use in/on animal feed - limited to use under professional supervision of vet
True
False
20
What sites do mycoplasma target?
Urogenital
Cardiovascular
CSF
Joints
respiratory
CNS
21
How are rickettsial agents and anaplasmosis treated in food animals?
Broad-spectrum antibiotics
Chloamphenicol
Doxycycline; Tetracycline
Macrolides
22
Which of the following describe microaerophilies?
Don't use O2 for metabolic activity or gen of energy, do not have enzymes
Only need small amount of O2, higher amounts can be lethal
Lactobacilli & Streptococci
Heliobacter & Campylobacter
23
Minimum serum drug concentration during dosing period
Cmax
ADC
Clearance
AUC
Cmin
Elimination half-life
24
As of June 11, 2023: No abx can be purchased over the counter
True
False
25
What is the MOA of
Aminoglycosides
50s and 30s subunits
30s ribosomal subunit
DNA gyrase
Folic acid
50s ribosomal subinit
RNA
26
Which of the following describe Aerotolerant Aerobes?
Don't use O2 for metabolic activity or gen of energy, do not have enzymes
Only need small amount of O2, higher amounts can be lethal
Lactobacilli & Streptococci
Heliobacter & Campylobacter
27
What is true of Rickettsia?
Obligate extracellular; gram negative
Obligate anaerobe; gram negative
Obligate intracellular; Gram negative
Obligate aerobe; gram positive
28
Antibiotic uses
Prophylaxis
Antibiotic growth promoter
Non-therapeutic antibiotic use
Therapeutic antibiotic use
Metaphylaxis
29
Which of the following are in the Group 1 - NO allowable Extra-Label Use
Medicated feeds
Glycopeptides
Cephalosporins except Cephapirin
Nitroimidazoles
Fluoroquinolones
Adamantane & Neuraminidase inhibitods
30
Where do you give a SQ injection of excede (Ceftiofur) in lactating dairy cattle?
Neck
Flank
Shoulder
Ear
31
Ratio of the antibacterial Cmax to MIC
Cmax / MIC
T > MIC
AUC / MIC
Minimum inhibitory concentration
32
What is the MOA of
Sulfa drugs
Folic acid
RNA
30s ribosomal subunit
50s ribosomal subinit
50s and 30s subunits
DNA gyrase
33
Which of the following are in the Group 2 - NO allowable Extra-Label Use
Gentian violet - prohibited in food or feed or all food-producing animals
Cephalosporins except Cephapirin
Sulfonamide-Class Antibiotics - prohibited in lactating
Adamantane & Neuraminidase inhibitods
Phenylbutazone - prohibited in female dairy cattle >20 months
Indexed drugs - prohibited in food producing animals, ok in minor
34
Which of the following describe facultative aerobes?
Enterobacteriaceae
Cannot survive without O2
Do not entirely rely on O2, can utilize anaerobic methods if necessary
Bacillus, Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas
35
Which of the following are true of rifampin?
RNA inhibiting DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNAP)
Highly lipid soluble - excreted equally in bile&urine - t1/2 = 2.5 hours
Cannot use in food producing animals: cacinogenic
No action on the mammalian RNAP
Inhibits microbial RNAP, halting further RNA synthesis
Severe action on mammalian RNAP - be very careful with dosing
36
Which of the following are contagious udder pathogens?
Staph. aureus
E. coli
Corynebacterium bovis
Corynebacterium renale
Strep. agalactiae; Strep. dysgalactiae
Mycoplasma bovis
37
Volume of blood, serum, or plasma completely cleared of drug/unit time
Elimination half-life
Cmin
ADC
Clearance
AUC
Cmax
38
What is true of cephalosporins
Prohibited if: unapproved major species, animal production class
Prohibited if: deviates from dose, tx duration, frequency, or admin route
Prohibited if: minor food animal species
Permitted if: minor food animal species
Prohibited if: intended use for disease prevention
ELDU of ALL cephalosporin abx except Cephhapirin
39
What is the appropriate way to avoid mastitis?
Calves fed infected milk may develop pneumonia, joint infections, head tilt
Feed back infected milk to calves to build immunity
Pasteurize waste milk - then feed to calves
Calves fed infected milk will develop superior immunity to the infection
Cull infected cows
Do not feed waste milk from infected cows to calves
40
There are approved uses of sulfadimethoxine, sulfabromomethazine, and sulfamethoxypyridazine in lactating dairy cattle
True
False
41
The lowest conc of an antimicrobial that will
inhibit
the
visible growth
of a microorganism after overnight incubation
AUC / MIC
Minimum inhibitory concentration
T > MIC
Cmax / MIC
42
How is S. agalactiae treated?
Continue treatment until 1 whole herd culture is negative
Monitor bulk tank monthly for S. ag - treatment as needed
Continue treatment until 2 whole heard cultures are negative
Monitor bulk tank weekly for S. ag - treatment as needed
Continue treatment until 5 whole herd cultures are negative
Ensure good udder prep, post milking teat dipping & dry therapy controls
43
Time for which the serum concentration of a drug remains above the MIC during a dosing period
Minimum inhibitory concentration
AUC / MIC
T > MIC
Cmax / MIC
44
Compounding drugs is common and useful in food producing animals
False
True
45
What is true of metritis?
Acute puerperal metritis = severe postpartum = toxemia - E. coli
Most common postpartum - 1-3 weeks
Clinical metritis - postpartum uterine infection - may have systemic signs
Perimetritis = fatal form
Fusobacterium necrophorum, Trueperella pyogenes, Bacteroides
Tx: Tetracyclines and Albon
46
What is the appropriate way to avoid mastitis?
Biosecurity program, bulk tank milk cultures, miss 15% so also culture cows
Lactating cows that calve after purchase - isolate and milk last
Fresh cows housed separately, not milked with same equipment
Biosecurity program, bulk tank milk cultures, miss 25% so also culture cows
Non-lactating cows that calve after purchase - isolate and milk last
Can take 3-10 days to produce viable colonies, some labs detect DNA
47
Ratio of the AUC during a dosing interval to MIC
Minimum inhibitory concentration
Cmax / MIC
AUC / MIC
T > MIC
48
Which of the following are point source pathogens?
Prototheca - poor intramammary infusion technique (cull - antifungals)
Tx like Mycoplasma bovis until proven otherwise
Klebsiella- wood shavings; Serratia - teat dip; Pseudomonas - milking tubes
Tx like E. coli mastitis until proven otherwise
Tx like Strep. agla until proven otherwise
Bacillus cereus -soil, wet moldy hay around hay rings
49
What drugs are useful for treating cystitis?
Penicillin
Sulfa drugs
Aminoglycosides
Cephalosporins
Macrolides
Tetracyclines
50
What is true of pyelonephritis?
Dosage frequency+length is not extralabel = shorter withdrawal times
Ceftiofur or gentamicin - successful in some cases
Corynebacterium - procaine penicillin
Dosage frequency+length is extralabel = extended withdrawal times
Aminoglycosides -rarely indicated due to long tissue depletion time
Trimethoprim-sulfadosine
51
Which of the following are true of Corynebacterium bovis?
lipid-requiring, found in the teat canal and cistern
C. bovis: only pathogenic corynebacterium that DOES produce urease
Increased levels in bulk tank = milkers are not stripping cowas as needed
Hardest to cure
Easiest to cure
C. bovis: only pathogenic corynebacterium that does NOT produce urease
52
Which of the following are in Group 3- Special restrictions for Grade A Dairy operation?
Cephalosporins
Phenylbutazone
Non-medical grade dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)
Dipyrone colloidal silver
53
The FDA is responsible for...
Determining the marketing status of drugs: Rx, OTC, or VFD
Is veterinary oversight necessary?
No oversight: Directions written on label: marketable as OTC
Oversight necessary: Rx or VFD
54
What is true of volume of distribution?
Empty choice
Hydrophobic vs. Hydrophilic
Tetracycline: large VD - comes out in tears, mammary glands, joints, CSF
Rifampin: large VD - comes out in tears, mammary glands, joints, CSF
Rifampin - lipid soluble
Tetracycline - lipid soluble
55
Area under the serum concentration
ADC
Elimination half-life
AUC
Clearance
Cmax
Cmin
56
The FDA ensures...
Judicious use of medically important drugs (for humans)
Judicious use of medically important drugs (for animals)
Elim of abx that are medically important to be used for production/growth
Veterinary oversight: Valid VPCR
57
What is true of Corynebacterium bovis treatment?
Dry cow therapy is very effective
Sensitive to majority of antibiotics: cillins, ceph, tetra, cefuro, sulfa
Pre-milking disinfectants will reduce infection rate
Tomorrow: Dry cow
Today: Lactating cow
Post-milking disinfectants will reduce infection rate
58
How is S. agalactiae treated?
Elimination from herd is not cost effective
Culture all cows - resample 3-4 weeks after initial therapy
Resistance: sensitive to penicillin, approved B lactam (Cephalosporins)
Elimination from herd is cost effective
Antibiotic therapy - all 4 quarters for 2-3 milkings - 30-35%
Antibiotic therapy - all 4 quaters for 2-3 milkings = 75-95% cures
59
The time it takes for the concentration of drug to fall to 50%
Cmin
Clearance
ADC
Elimination half-life
Cmax
AUC
60
What is true of animal feed extra-label use?
Extra label use in feed allowable IF a valid VPCR and VFD
Minor species: horses, dogs, cats
Minor species - may use EL if needed to prevent suffering and death
No extra label use of any drug in animal feed
Minor species: cattle, horses, swine, chickens, turkeys, dogs, cats
61
Antibiotic uses
Antibiotic growth promoter
Non-therapeutic antibiotic use
Metaphylaxis
Therapeutic antibiotic use
Prophylaxis
62
Antibiotic uses
Prophylaxis
Antibiotic growth promoter
Therapeutic antibiotic use
Non-therapeutic antibiotic use
Metaphylaxis
63
What is true of Mycoplasma bovis?
After calving, never clinical but shed high levels of mycoplasma organism
After calving, never clinical but shed low levels of mycoplasma organism
Rapidly transmitted-milking. Source = non-lactating heifers or subclinical
Lactation 1 animals affected more often
Lactation 2 animals affected more often
Gram negative, facultative anaerobe, found in nasal cavity & repro tract
64
Which of the following describe mastitis due to mycoplasma?
Single quarters involved - history of uterine infection
Chronic swelling of the whole udder, healthy cow with severe mastitis
No response to treatment
Multiple quarters involved - history of respiratory infection
Milk has sandy or flaky sediments in watery or yellowish fluid
Sudden swelling of the whole udder, healthy cow with severe mastitis
65
What is the MOA of
Rifampin
30s ribosomal subunit
50s and 30s subunits
RNA
Folic acid
DNA gyrase
50s ribosomal subinit
66
Antibiotic uses
Therapeutic antibiotic use
Antibiotic growth promoter
Prophylaxis
Non-therapeutic antibiotic use
Metaphylaxis
67
Which of the following describe obligate aerobes?
Enterobacteriaceae
Cannot survive without O2
Do not entirely rely on O2, can utilize anaerobic methods if necessary
Bacillus, Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas
68
What is true of endometritis?
Trueperella pyogenes most often
Tx: Baytril; tetracyclines
Tx: Ceftiofur, Tetracyclines
Also:F. necro, Bacteroides, Prevotella melaninogenicus, Porphyromonas levii
Associated with: Brucellosis, lepto, capylo, trichomoniasis
Tx: Aminoglycosides; Ceftiofur
69
What should you consider when doing intramammary treatment?
34.4% - 1st gen Cephalosporins ; 38.6% 3rd gen cephalosprins
LactatDrying - shorter withdrawals
Dry - long milk withdrawls
Lactating - long milk withdrawal
73% use cephalosporins
Lactating - shorter withdrawals
70
What is the MOA of
fluoroquinolones
DNA gyrase
50s and 30s subunits
Folic acid
30s ribosomal subunit
RNA
50s ribosomal subinit
71
Peak serum drug concentration achieved by a single dose
AUC
Clearance
Cmax
Elimination half-life
Cmin
ADC
72
What is necessary for a valid VPCR?
Written record of medical care; advising on benefits/risk of tx option
Examination of animal regularly; Responsibility for providing medical care
Law for a vet: To dx or tx your animal &/or prescribe or dispense meds
Oversight of treatment; emergency care if need should arise
73
How do you treat M. bovis mastitis?
Cull positive animals
Draxxin
Can't use macrolides in dairy cattle
Fine to use macrolides in dairy cattle
74
What can be used to treat the uterus?
Cephalosporins-2/3rd gen; Sulfa drugs - sulfa dimethoxine (albon)
Penicillins, PPG, Ampicillin ; Tetracyclines - LA 200, tetradure
Macrolides - Draxxin, Zactran, Zuprevo, only in beef cattle, Dairy <20 mon
Florfenicol (Nuflor) - only in beef cattle & dairy cattle under 20 mon
75
What treatment should be used for mycoplasma?
Tetracyclines
Macrolides: Erythromycin, Draxxin (tulathromycin)
Cephalosporins
Beef: Think draxxin - NOT for lactating cows
76
Which of the following are matched correctly?
Mild: Delay treatment - waity for milk culture - if growth treat
Severe: treat immediately, modify based on culture
Severe: Milk, Udder, and Cow abnormal
Mild/Moderate: Delay treatment - waity for milk culture - if growth treat
Moderate: Milk and Udder abnormal
Mild: Milk abnormal
77
What is true of Strep. dysgalactiae?
Treatment: Ceftiofur
Contatious and environmental
Spread during milking - reservoirs: udders, manure, organic matter, bedding
Treatment: penicillin
78
What is true of Streptococcus agalactiae?
Infection during milking and passed cow to cow- 1 cow/1 towel - wear gloves
Common to have whole herd infection; purchased cows and first lactation
Most cows show no clinical signs
Highly contagious
Most cows show severe clinical signs
Infected quarters = enough bacteria to cause illegal elevations
79
Which of the following describe mycoplasma?
Microaerophile
Obligate intracellular; smallest self-replicating organisms
Fried-egg shaped
No cell walls; Gram-positive
Facultative anaerobes
Yeast shaped
80
What antibiotics can be used to treat metritis?
Never short cycle them when experiencing metritis
Ampicillin trihydrate; Florfenicol; Tulathromycin
Short cycle with PGF2a, Banamine, Fluids
Ceftiofur, Procaine G Penicillin; Oxytetracycline
81
What is the MOA of
Lincosamides
(lincomycin, Clindamycin, Pirlimycin);
Macrolides
(Draxxin; Micotil, Tilmicosin)
DNA gyrase
30s ribosomal subunit
50s ribosomal subinit
50s and 30s subunits
Folic acid
Cell wall - inhibit peptioglycan mucopeptide
