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Pathophysiology - 641 Class Questions Flashcards | StudBud
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Pathophysiology - 641 Class Questions
Pathophysiology - 641 Class Questions
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1
What are the classic signs of T1DM?
Excess sweating, thirst and urination
Dry and itchy skin
Feeling sleepy and lethargic
Strong cravings for sweet or starchy foods
2
What type of disease develops gradually and stays for a long period of time?
Acute
Infections
Chronic
Idiopathic
3
What is blepharitis?
Inflammation of the eyelids
Inflammation of the blood
Inflammation of the Bleph-meninges in the brain
Inflammation of the bladder
4
What are the characteristics of A-delta fibers?
Unmyelinated, transports dull, aching pain that is hard to pinpoint
Myelinated, interprets sharp, well localised pain
Low threshold, allowing fine discrimination, (fingertips)
Itch sensation is also transmitted along these fibres
5
Dysplasia is characterised by a variation in the size and shape of cells within a tissue.
True
False
6
Incidence is the total number of cases of a disease both new and previously diagnosed at a particular time.
True
False
7
What does pyelonephritis mean?
Gastrointestinal Infection
Bladder Infection
Lung Infection
Kidney Infection
8
Are oncogenes abnormally functioning genes?
True
False
9
List the 5 electrolytes related to oedema
Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate & Magnesium
Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium
10
What is the most definitive diagnostic tool for meningitis?
Lumbar puncture and Assessment of CSF
Imaging Investigations
Physical Assessment
Blood Sample
11
What are the 3 types of haematomas?
Extradural (Epidural), Subdural & Intracerebral
Dural, Intradural & Extracerebral
Decerebrate, Decorticate & Papilledema
Brain stem, Frontal lobe & White matter
12
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
Swelling, Itching, Redness, Pain, Loss of Function
Joint Stiffness, Cyanosis, Shivering, Fever
Pain, Heat, Full range of Motion, Redness
Pain, Heat, Redness, Swelling, Loss of Function
13
Re-perfusion Injury can potentially cause fatal damage due to
All of these
Protein Denaturation
DNA damage
Free radical formation
14
What is the vascular phase of inflammation?
Neutrophils begin phagocytosis
Clotting cascade, Scarring cascade & Complement system
Clearance of mediators and formation of granulomas
Complement system, Clotting cascade, Kinin-Kallikrein System
15
What is the term used for when something that should not cause pain is painful?
Allodynia
Hyperalgesia
Productive Pain
Pain Gate Theory
16
Nociceptors sense temperature, mechanical and chemical changes and are usually high-threshold cells
False
True
17
Which of these is NOT a classification of a traumatic brain injury.
Diffuse Axonal Injury
Cerebrovascular Accident
Contusion or Concussion
Coup/ Countrecup
18
How is a type 3 Myocardial Infarction diagnosed?
ECG
Troponin blood levels
19
Hydropic is known to cause?
Cell Swelling
Cell Organisms to shrink
20
What is the management for epilepsy?
Ensure environment is safe
DRSABC
Support and Reorientate as needed
Observe and Document
21
What does the term “productive pain” mean?
The ongoing pain experience during the healing process
It is hard to detect the site of the pain
A small injury takes on greater pain proportions
Immediate pain associated with an injury
22
A blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle is a?
Congestive Heart Failure
Heart Attack
Myocardial Infarction
Heart Failure
23
Why is heart failure linked to oedema?
Heart beat can’t propel the fluid back & it stays in the extremities
The medications cause these side effects
24
How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood? 🪵
700 pounds
100 kg
25
Prevalence is the number of new cases of a disease diagnosed within a particular period (usually over one year).
True
False
26
What is the most common type of MI?
Type 4 and 5
Type 3
Type 1
Type 2
27
What is NOT an example of an Ischaemic condition?
Angina
Myocardial Infarction
Anaemia
Cyanide
28
In developed countries what is the most common cause of infectious diarrhoea in children?
Giardiasis
Rotavirus
Salmonella
Norovirus
29
Type 4 (A & B) and Type 5 MI’s are related to iatrogenic interventions
True
False
30
Do TNF (tumour necrosis factor) receptors trigger or suppress apoptosis?
Suppresses
Triggers
31
What are the primary brain areas affected by Parkinson’s disease?
Limbic system and temporal lobe
Basal ganglia (exp. Substantia Nigra), Thalamus and Reticular formation
Frontal cortex and Brain stem
Hippocampus and ventricles
32
Rhinitis is the inflammation of the mucus membrane in the nose
True
False
33
Chronic episodes of GORD can cause oesophagitis. This in turn leads to?
Projectile Vomiting 🤮
H.pylori infections
Barrett’s Oesophagus
Peptic ulcers
34
In hypokalemia, skeletal & smooth muscles become hyper polarised.
False
True
35
Is Nociception (neuronal signals that alert the brain to injury) quantifiable?
No
Yes
36
What is Peritonitis?
Inflammation of the Glomerulus
Inflammation of serous membrane liningthe abdominal cavity & covers viscera
Inflammation of the Pancreas
Inflammation of the peritoneum
37
What is goitre?
A hormonal imbalance of the pituitary gland
Lump/ enlargement in the neck caused by swollen thyroid
Free radical build up in the neck
The new Gucci range of Bags
38
Do caspases trigger apoptosis?
Yes
No
39
What is the first line of defence in response to cell injury?
Restoration
Inflammation
Debridement
Epithelialisation
40
Mismanaged fluid replacement when treating dehydration can lead to fluid overload resulting in what?
Isotonic Syndrome
Increased Body Temperature
Intra-Abdominal hypertension/ Compartment Syndrome
Bulging Fontanelle
41
A STEMI causes a partial or transient obstruction in the coronary artery
False
True
42
What is the underlying cause of Parkinson’s disease?
Development of neurofibrillary tangles & Abeta plaque deposits
Cells shrink in SubstantiaNigra where dopamine is produced cause deficiency
Myelin Destruction and plaque formation
Lewy Bodies, clusters of proteins, accumulate inside neurons
43
What does TNM in cancer stand for?
Temperature, Necrosis & Mass
Type, Number & Metastasised
Tumour, Nodes & Metastases
Time, Name & Management
44
Subdural haematomas are caused by?
Bleeding in the Dura and arachnoid layers of the meninges
Hypotension
Sudden acceleration then deceleration of brain tissue
Tearing of the cortical bridging veins
45
What is Atherosclerosis?
A type of stroke
A build-up of fat and cholesterol in the lumen of the artery walls
A congenital disease that is a risk factor for heart disease
A type of brain damage
46
What is responsible for bronchoconstriction, increased vascular permeability & chemotaxis?
Bradykinin
Leukotrienes
Nitric Oxide
Cytokines
47
What is fatty liver disease caused by?
Pancreatitis and Gall stone formation
Liver Cirrhosis
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Alcohol Misuse / diet excessively high in fat
48
What is the most abundant intracellular electrolyte?
Sodium
Potassium
Magnesium
Calcium
49
Is Pain quantifiable?
Yes
No
50
Adhesions can occur due to?
Haemorrhagic exudate
Purulent exudate
Serous exudate
Fibrinous exudate
51
What is the carbon 14 urea breath test used for?
Diagnosing H. pylori Infection
Diagnosing celiac disease
52
What is the most abundant extracellular electrolyte?
Sodium
Calcium
Potassium
Phosphate
53
What 2 factors are strongly linked to developing Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) ?
Helicobacter pylori infection
Chronic use of NSAIDs
Celiac Disease
Barrett’s Oesophagus
54
What are pro-oncogenes?
Good, non cancerous genes that never mutate
An inflammatory mediator
Normal genes with the potential to mutate
Benign cancer genes
55
What is the purpose of TNF receptors?
Platelet Aggregation and Vasoconstriction
Complement Activation
They suppress Apoptosis
They act as a communication pathway that activate cell death
56
What is chronic toxicity?
Abnormal cell growth or differentiation that can cause cancer
Results from damage to DNA & altered genetic expression
Cumulative damage to specific organs/systems due to subclinical exposures
Occurs almost immediately
57
Can insulin be used to manage DM1, DM2 and Gestational diabetes?
Yes
No
58
Countrecoup hits
First, the site of the original impact
Second, opposite the site of the original impact
59
What is NOT a sign of Oedema?
Headache
Pain
Weight Loss
Swelling
60
What is the best way to identify nerve damage?
Muscle weakness
Vomiting
Numbness or tingling sensation
Dizziness
61
What is NOT a common risk factor of oedema?
Deep Vein Thrombosis
Pregnancy / Pre-eclampsia
Obstructive Liver Disease
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
62
Is the development of atherosclerotic plaque
Modifiable
Non modifiable
63
What is apoptosis?
Programmed Cell Death
Free radical formation
Pathological cell death
Saponification
64
What is NOT a red flag 🚩 of GORD?
Weight Gain 🚩
Haematemesis 🚩
Dysphasia 🚩
Odynophagia 🚩
65
What is the term used to describe a disease of an unknown cause?
Genetic
Nococomial
Idiopathic
Mysterious Origin
66
No knowledge is ever wasted, but which parts of the Patho workbook are NOT in the exam?
Immune Disorders
Inflammation and Pain
Concepts of Endocrine Dysfunction
Diabetes Mellitus
67
A Seizure is defined as one episode, whereas Epilepsy is defined by repetitive and largely unpredictable episodes
True
False
68
What is this Injury called?
Coup and Countrecoup Contusion
Basal Skull Fracture with Halo sign
Diffuse Axonal Injury
Periorbital ecchymosis
69
The Cushing Triad is
Decreased HR Increased RR & BP
Lowered BP, RR, HR
Increased BP, HR & RR
Increased BP Decreased HR & RR
70
What is allodynia?
Things that don’t normally cause pain become painful
When a person can feel light touch but cannot feel pain
A form of malignant cancer
Programmed cell death
71
Widening pulse pressure can be a sign of raised intracranial pressure and should be monitored closely.
True
False
72
What type of fibres are involved in the pain gate theory?
C Fibers
Delta fibres
A-Beta Fibers
A-Delta Fibers
73
The first phagocytic cells to enter a site of tissue injury are?
Leukocytes
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Basophils
