Internal validity refers to

The extent to which a study eliminates confounding variables

Why is controlling for situation noise important in experiments?

It prevents external distractions from affecting the dependent variable

What is a ceiling effect in research?

When scores cluster at the top, making it hard to see differences

Which statement is true about independent and dependent variables?

The independent variable is manipulated; the dependent variable is measured

Which of the following could threaten construct validity?

Using an unclear or vague definition of the construct

What is a history threat in research?

When something external affects all participants during the study

What is the purpose of experimental controls in a study?

To eliminate alternative explanations and reduce confounds

What is a selection effect?

When participants self-select into different conditions

A design confound occurs when:

A second variable unintentionally varies with the independent variable

What is true about an independent-groups design?

Participants are randomly assigned to one level of the IV

Operationalizing a variable means:

Defining it based on how it's measured or manipulated

In a factorial design, what does an "interaction" refer to?

When the effect of one IV depends on the level of another IV

In a within-groups design

Each participant experiences all levels of the independent variable

What does it mean if a measure has face validity?

It looks like it measures what it's supposed to

What’s a major advantage of a within-groups design?

Participants are their own control group, reducing individual differences

What is the purpose of counterbalancing?

To control for order effects in within-subjects designs

When should you use a t-test in research?

To compare means between two groups

Which of the following is a feature of a posttest-only design?

Participants are tested only after the manipulation

Which of the following best describes the relationship between correlation and causation?

Correlation can suggest a relationship but doesn't prove causation

Construct validity is concerned with

How well your measure actually reflects the concept you're testing

When do we use ANOVA?

When an IV had 3 or more levels.

What is the purpose of a control variable?

To keep it constant so it doesn’t become a confound

What is a maturation effect?

When participants naturally change over time

What does the correlation coefficient tell you?

The strength and direction of a relationship between two variables

What does external validity assess?

How well the results can be generalized

What’s a key difference between quasi-experiments and true experiments?

True experiments use random assignment; quasi-experiments don’t

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Major Review Exam 3 PSYC 2500

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Questions 29

Answers

1
Internal validity refers to
Whether the variables were operationalized clearly
How well the results generalize to other populations
The extent to which a study eliminates confounding variables
2
Why is controlling for situation noise important in experiments?
It improves the experiment's face validity
It creates an Independent Groups Design.
It prevents external distractions from affecting the dependent variable
It increases the number of variables
3
What is a ceiling effect in research?
When the dependent variable isn’t operationalized
When scores cluster at the top, making it hard to see differences
When participants hit their heads during testing
When scores are so low no one can score lower
4
Which statement is true about independent and dependent variables?
The independent variable is manipulated; the dependent variable is measured
The independent variable depends on the results
The dependent variable is manipulated by the researcher
Both variables are controlled to prevent confounds
5
Which of the following could threaten construct validity?
Using a reliable, standardized scale
Randomly assigning participants to groups
Using an unclear or vague definition of the construct
Measuring stress with a heart rate monitor
6
What is a history threat in research?
When something external affects all participants during the study
When participants are older adults
When the study is based on historical events
When participants remember past answers
7
What is the purpose of experimental controls in a study?
To make the study more confusing
To eliminate alternative explanations and reduce confounds
To randomly assign participants to a population
To manipulate the dependent variable
8
What is a selection effect?
When there are too many variables
When the dependent variable isn't operationalized
When participants drop out of a study
When participants self-select into different conditions
9
A design confound occurs when:
There's a ceiling effect in the data
A second variable unintentionally varies with the independent variable
You randomly assign participants to groups
Participants are tested multiple times
10
What is true about an independent-groups design?
Participants are randomly assigned to one level of the IV
Each participant experiences all levels of the IV
It controls for order effects using counterbalancing
11
Operationalizing a variable means:
Defining it based on how it's measured or manipulated
Choosing a dependent variable
Testing it only after the experiment
Giving it a cool scientific name
12
In a factorial design, what does an "interaction" refer to?
When the effect of one IV depends on the level of another IV
A test that has more than one dependent variable
When two DVs affect each other
The number of participants in each group
13
In a within-groups design
Groups are compared at one point in time
Each participant experiences all levels of the independent variable
Each participant is tested only once
Participants are randomly assigned to different conditions
14
What does it mean if a measure has face validity?
It has been statistically proven to be valid
It looks like it measures what it's supposed to
15
What’s a major advantage of a within-groups design?
Participants only experience one condition
Participants are their own control group, reducing individual differences
It eliminates the need for a control group
It makes the study faster by skipping random assignment
16
When do we use Beta?
Simple Experiments
Correlational Designs
Factorial Designs
Regression Analysis
17
What is the purpose of counterbalancing?
To ensure participants are all exposed to the same IV level
To eliminate the need for random assignment
To increase internal validity in correlational studies
To control for order effects in within-subjects designs
18
When should you use a t-test in research?
To measure interaction effects
To compare means between two groups
To test relationships between three variables
To determine if variables are correlated
19
Which of the following is a feature of a posttest-only design?
Participants serve as their own controls
Participants are tested only after the manipulation
Participants are tested before and after the manipulation
No dependent variable is measured
20
Which design is most vulnerable to order effects?
Independent-groups design
Posttest-only design
Within-groups design
Correlational design
21
Which of the following best describes the relationship between correlation and causation?
Correlation proves a third variable caused the effect
Correlation always means one variable causes the other
Correlation can suggest a relationship but doesn't prove causation
Causation only happens when variables are unrelated
22
Construct validity is concerned with
How well participants liked the survey
How well your measure actually reflects the concept you're testing
Whether your study results can be replicated
The number of independent variables used
23
When do we use ANOVA?
Simple Experiments
When an IV has just 2 levels
When an IV had 3 or more levels.
Regression Analysis
24
What is the purpose of a control variable?
To keep it constant so it doesn’t become a confound
To see if it affects the DV
To confuse participants
To be randomly assigned to different groups
25
What is a maturation effect?
When participants naturally change over time
When the IV is confounded with another variable
When testing order affects results
When the researcher matures during the study
26
What does the correlation coefficient tell you?
The strength and direction of a relationship between two variables
Whether the IV was manipulated properly
If one variable caused the other
If a study has good internal validity
27
Correlation = Causation
True
False
28
What does external validity assess?
Whether the study had a large enough sample
Whether the study can prove causality
How well the stats were calculated
How well the results can be generalized
29
What’s a key difference between quasi-experiments and true experiments?
True experiments use random assignment; quasi-experiments don’t
True experiments never have a control group
Quasi-experiments only occur in a lab setting
Quasi-experiments manipulate two independent variables

Major Review Exam 3 PSYC 2500 Flashcards | StudBud