Research Methods Final

College Entrance Examination Board scores have a mean of _____ and standard deviation of _____.

The amount of type I error is identified as α, alpha.

Snowball sampling is an appropriate method for sampling participants who are easy to obtain

Another way of expressing effect sizes in correlational research involves the computation of:

The output for linear regression with two or more predictors is referred to as:

______is a diagram with a predictor variable on the x-axis and criterion variable on the y-axis

_____recording measures the elapsed time between the occurrence and the beginning of a behavior

Which part of the paper should convince the reader that the topic is important and interesting?

______ statistics are used when assumptions required for parametric analysis have been violated

The _________ hypothesis is generally the research hypothesis

A larger sample size leads to _______ amount(s) of sampling error.

Research questions often influence the data collection and sampling methods.

Only quantitative inquiry is subject to researcher bias.

______is the consistency of scores for each person from one administration of a test to another

___ coding involves exploring the initial transcribed data to name/categorize discrete elements

____ hypothesis predicts a difference will occur without showing what group will perform better

Research q's help focus the researchers lit. review and lead to creation of specific hypotheses

What should each body paragraph begin with that prepares the reader for the forthcoming content

__________definitions outline the precise steps required to measure a variable accurately:

Multicollinearity occurs when there is a __________ of correlations among the predictors.

ANOVAs and t-tests are examples of :

__________ tests are more powerful than nonparametric tests.

___ is the estimate of how consistently instruments used to gather data performed

___ hypothesis predicts no difference or relationship will be observed between or among groups.

__________ uses two or more predictor variables to predict the criterion variable, Y.

Professional characteristics of counselors appear to make _____ difference in treatment outcome

Any mathematical operation can be applied to ratio data.

Grounded theory was based on the theoretical framework of symbolic interactionism.

The grounded theory approach was initiated by:

Clients are less likely to drop out prematurely if professional counselors:

__________ scales categorize a client characteristic in non-ordered and exclusive categories

Qualitative inquiry tends to be an inductive process.

Reporting a _________ is a way of dividing a percentile rank distribution into four portions.

An effect size (ES)=1 indicates the treatment was ___ SDs above the mean of the control group

Evaluation is the measurement of worth based on the evidence.

Researchers observed more frequent premature termination rates by clients EXCEPT those with:

Time series methodology is an assessment of:

The purpose of most research is to expand on or improve existing research.

__________ evaluation is an end-of-program evaluation.

In single-subject research designs, professional counselors use replication to evaluate:

____ hypotheses explore how scores on an independent var. relate to scores on a dependent var.

In single-subject research designs, professional counselors use replication to evaluate

________ analysis allows empirical studies to be collapsed into a meaningful quantitative index

Ethnography comes from the Greek word:

Kurtosis describes the degree of flatness in a curve.

Researchers must remain attentive to the research subjects __ to ensure the best possible data

All of these are used in statistical selection of predictors in multiple regression EXCEPT:

The tone of your writing should be based on which of the following?

A needs assessment in agencies, clinics, or other non-school venues should be conducted:

__________ error occurs when the null hypothesis is retained but should have been rejected.

Qualitative researchers avoid using the term sample and instead use purposive selection.

_____ questions allow researchers to gather concrete information about participants & settings.

A Likert-type scale is an example of a(n) __________ scale.

The literature review should only summarize the information.

When interpreting scores in a normal curve____of all scores fall in 1 & 2 standard deviations

The __________ is the distance between the highest and lowest scores in the distribution.

_____ data involves scores being lumped together to provide an average for students

Member checking involves returning to the field to check interpretations with the informants.

A widely used measure of goodness-of-fit for confirmatory models is the chi-square.

_________ recording involves counting the frequency of occurrences within a observation period.

Surveys generate a tremendous amount of perception-based data over a short period of time

The alternating treatment design was originally used in __________ analysis:

Post hoc analyses are only conducted when __________ results indicate statistical significance.

When generating possible research questions, all of the following should be used EXCEPT:

A __________ distribution lists every score and the number from highest score to lowest score

Outliers are a major problem because outliers:

Under normal circumstances __________ tests are more powerful.

In the problem identification stage, counselors complete all of the following EXCEPT:

Which of the following mathematical operations can be performed on nominal scales?

______ recording is a process by which a professional counselor records all observed behaviors.

The alternating treatment design was originally used in __________ analysis:

The purpose of ______ is to find support for observations/conclusions from more than one source

An article directly related to the topic is known as a ________ source.

Goals in a needs assessment are usually written in language NOT amenable to:

Counselors using action research focus on information that will alter conditions in a setting

All of the following are scales of measurement EXCEPT:

In qualitative research, the soundness of the research is evaluated by its:

Mixed-group designs are also known as split plot designs.

When interpreting scores using a normal curve____fall between the mean & one standard deviation

_________ refers to beliefs of stakeholders about the need for/impact of, services provided

The __________ of two variables expresses the relationship between them.

Phenomenology has its roots in:

A summary of existing literature on the research topic-could be considered a definition of a:

Factors that can threaten the validity of a research study are:

Disaggregated data allows the identification of programmatic strengths and weaknesses.

Quantitative methods seek knowledge through the pursuit of:

The __________ is used to compare a sample mean to a previously known population mean

__________ objectives refer to more specific and immediate steps toward meeting goals.

___ statistics help predict the probability of a causal association with a degree of confidence

When all other things are equal, __________ tests are more powerful than __________ tests.

Data can be disaggregated by:

___________ theory is a systematic procedure used to generate a theory that explains a process

Researcher ______ refers to how the researcher’s worldview influences the research design

The lower & upper bounds of the confidence interval for means is calculated based on a critical

Alternate treatment design is used to measure more than one treatment method on a dependent var

The __________ test is used when ordinal scores are from two correlated samples.

A t-test is used to compare __________ mean(s).

_______ was the forerunner in the establishment of single-subject case methodology

__________ are a type of methodology used in outcome research

Statistical __________ is the likelihood of finding statistically significant differences.

A sample refers to a larger group of individuals who the results of the study generalized.

Although inappropriate in writing, _____ language is considered everyday language.

Ethnographic research has its origins in:

High school class rank is an example of a(n) _______ scale.

Which of the follow is/are univariate tests?

Populations yield _____ while samples yield:

__________ may contribute to negative client outcomes.

Changes in performance by the mere presence of others is known as the __________ effect.

The reliability of score indicates the degree to which these scores are free of:

Type II error is largely dependent on:

Male and female fall under the __________ category of variable.

The most reliable and valid data-gathering and data-analysis methods are fit to the research:

Effect size is the number of ______ above or below the mean where a given treatment score lies

One of the criticisms of case study research is that the results are not generalizable

Wilk’s lambda in MANOVA takes into account the correlations among the __________ variables.

__________ studies do not explicitly define a dependent variable of primary interest.

“What is your marital status?” is an example of a __________ question.

__________ refers to the nature of reality:

All of the following are true of qualitative research EXCEPT that it:

The process where you start broad through reviewing the literature you help narrow your scope?

Parametric tests assume:

Critical theory accepts the tenet that reality is socially constructed.

A _____ curve is when every score above the mean has a mirror-image score below the mean

_______ is when the observer records occurrences of a target behavior in the at a point in time

A ______ study reduces the possibility of this by ensuring participants are unaware of outcomes

The higher the multicollinearity, the _____ the accuracy of the prediction with future samples.

The question “how will data be collected” falls under the category of methodology.

Variables that contribute unwanted variance are called extraneous variables.

Which design offers more control over history, maturation, testing, and regression threats?

Using samples of convenience reduces the credibility of the research investigation.