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AP Psych Exam Review
AP Psych Exam Review
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1
How would drive reduction theory explain a person eating half a bowl of M&M's and stopping
people eat in moderation to prevent being seen as selfish
the person stopped when their body had reached homeostasis
humans are instinctively driven to eat sugar and fat
they were satisfying the 2nd step on the hierarchy of needs
2
According to humanist theory, psychological disorders are most likely caused by
neurochemical imbalances
learned associations
unhealthy attributional styles
unfulfilled needs
3
which type of therapist is most likely to prescribe lithium for a patient with bipolar disorder
clinical psychologist
psychoanalyst
cognitive psychotherapist
psychiatrist
4
en route
to the visual cortex, information from the eyes' retinas crosses at the
optic nerve
optic chiasm
feature detectors
fovea
5
Erikson's initiative vs. guilt stage is most closely related to Freud's
latency period
oral stage
phallic stage
anal stage
6
How would a psychometrician interpret an IQ score of 145
three standard deviations above the mean of 100
slightly above average
the person has high verbal bot low logical intelligence
well below the average of 200
7
Milgram's obedience study was criticized based on what ethical grounds
risk of psychological harm
violation of confidentiality
lack of informed consent
lack of debriefing
8
When Jake is late to basketball practice his coach makes him run laps. Jake is not late again
positive punishment
modeling
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
9
When running for class president, Edy puts pictures of herself everywhere. Why might this help
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
mere-exposure effect
deindividuation
central route persuasion
10
Choosing 20 people at random from a large lecture class of 400 is an example of
random sampling
random assignment
assignment to conditions
representative assignment
11
an A+ grade in a class is which kind of reinforcer
continuous
primary
partial
secondary
12
What is the purpose of the DSM
list the diagnostic criteria and symptoms of disorders
describe the biopsychosocial causes of disorders
explain the symptoms and cures of disorders
discuss theories related to the treatment of disorders
13
After studying for weeks and taking an AP exam, Conrad gets the flu. What theory explains this
Yerkes-Dodson law
Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory
Selye's general adaptation syndrome
James-Lange theory of emotion
14
Which question would be most useful to test Kohlberg's idea of pre & post-conventional morality
should you tell a small lie to not hurt someone's feelings
If 3 are taken from a group of 12, how many are left
what is the best way to respond to a baby crying in her crib
at what age can children reason abstractly
15
How would a person with schizophrenia most differ from a person with a dissociative disorder
a person with schizophrenia experiences hallucinations
a person with dissociative disorder has trouble keeping jobs
a person with schizophrenia has more than one personality
a person with a dissociative disorder has delusions
16
Intelligence researchers like Gardner and Sternberg argue that schools focus too much on
meeting the needs of students with disabilities
environmental factors that influence intelligence
traditional and analytical subjects and methods
nonessential subjects like art and music
17
What percent of people score between 70 and 130 on the WISC (M: 100, SD:15)
50
95
68
84
18
Ryan suffers from constant, low-level arousal of his autonomic NS. He most likely suffers from
post-traumatic stress disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
major depressive disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
19
authoritarian parents demonstrate
low warmth and low control
low warmth and high control
high warmth and low control
high warmth and high control
20
Which best describes how neurons communicate with one another
physical contact between dendrites
chemical signals at the synaptic cleft
electrical signals between two myelin sheaths
hormones jump from one axon to the next
21
the "c" in the word
cat
is best described as a
holobase
morpheme
phoneme
grapheme
22
REM sleep deprivation generally causes what kinds of side effects
heightened manifest dream content
intense, prolonged periods of Stage 3 & 4 sleep
sleep apnea and night terrors
interference with memory tasks
23
Sigmund Freud made this perspective popular in Western Europe at the turn of the 20th century
cognitive
psychoanalytic
behavioral
evolutionary
24
A teacher ignoring her students' prior grades so her opinion of them is not influenced avoids
self-serving bias
fundamental attribution error
self-fulfilling prophecy
cognitive dissonance
25
Why are psychoanalysts interested in talking with patients about dreams
neurotransmitter anomalies cause dream disturbances
symbols in dreams represent unconscious conflicts
disturbing dreams are obstacles to self actualization
counter conditioned behaviors are often revealed in dreams
26
what kinds of motivations best encourage positive behaviors to persist over time
need for achievement
extrinsic motivation
intrinsic motivation
primary drives
27
which kinds of personality theorists would make use of a projective test
social-cognitive
psychoanalyst
trait
humanist
28
counterconditioning lies at the heart of which therapeutic approach
REBT
systematic desensitization
token economies
client-centered therapy
29
damage to the occipital region of the brain would most likely affect which sense
sight
touch
hearing
balance
30
James is interested in the processing strategies children use to learn new information. He is a
sociocultural psychologist
personality psychologist
cognitive psychologist
clinical psychologist
31
What area of psychology focuses on subjective well-being, optimism, self-esteem, and happiness
positive psychology
health psychology
social psychology
psychometrics
32
According to Freud, what is the dominant factor in determining our personality traits
genetics and nutrition
unconscious conflicts
secondary drives and needs
parenting styles
33
in the nature vs. nurture debate, nature is most closely associated with
temperament
family
environment
culture
34
which technique controls for both experimenter and subject bias
double blind study
Hawthorne effect
single blind study
counterbalancing
35
A test that identifies people with the potential to be great lawyers is an example of a(n)
achievement test
IQ test
EQ test
aptitude test
36
our ability to perceive depth depends on what other perceptual abilities
proximity and similarity
top-down and bottom-up processing
vestibular and kinesthetic senses
binocular and monocular cues
37
10 YO Genna underwent a right hemispherectomy. What action best shows her neuroplasticity
moving her left hand
understanding what was said to her
solving a logic problem
speaking aloud
38
Ani believes she is capable of succeeding in nursing school. Her mindset is associated with
high self-efficacy
a strong superego
low self-esteem
an extraverted personality
39
a charity includes free address labels in its fundraising letters to increase contributions
self-fulfilling prophecy
fundamental attribution error
reciprocity norm
out-group homogeneity
40
what kind of symptom is common among all somatic symptom disorders
disconnection from reality and delusions
substance abuse and dependence
experiencing a physical problem without a physical cause
inappropriate or flat affect
41
which psychologist would agree w/the following: behavior results from reinforcers & punishers
B.F. Skinner
Carl Rogers
William James
Albert Bandura
42
An artist making a drawing could use which of the following to add depth to the picture
linear perspective
retinal disparity
convergence
closure
43
The fact that our ears are located on opposite sides of our head best helps us with
detecting absolute threshold
hearing high frequencies
sensory adaptation
sound localization
44
which 2 competing theories explain the effects of hypnosis
conscious level and non conscious level
role theory and dissociation theory
circadian rhythm and paradoxical sleep
manifest content and latent content
45
Sherif's Robbers Cave study indicates that this principle best reduces tensions between groups
group polarization
deindividuation
diffusion of responsibility
superordinate goals
46
A person who experiences flashbacks after a serious car accident is likely to be diagnosed with
panic disorder
dissociative identity disorder
bipolar disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
47
In the 3-box model of information processing, memories are first stored in
long-term memory
short-term memory
procedural memory
sensory memory
48
One group receives an ad for 99% fat free milk; the other for 1% fat milk. What being tested
framing effects
inattentional blindness
representativeness heuristic
confirmation bias
49
which would a researcher need to use to determine whether experiment data is significant
standard deviation
inferential statistics
counterbalancing
descriptive statistics
50
what is the principle tool used in all forms of psychotherapy
cognitive-behavioral interventions
biomedical interventions
talking to a patient
secondary preventions
51
which brain structure is involved in hunger motivation
amygdala
hypothalamus
medulla
cerebellum
52
which structure in the eye is most responsible for color vision
cones
cornea
rods
optic nerve
53
A personality test which calls Jan an extravert the first time and an introvert the next lacks
construct validity
aptitude measures
standardization
test-retest reliability
54
people who catch violent movies are more likely to behave violently: this statement reflects
observational learning
counterconditioning
latent learning
insight learning
55
the somatic nervous system is part of the
peripheral nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
central nervous system
56
light enters the eye through an opening in the
retina
fovea
iris
blind spot
57
a musicians ability to discern between 2 similar pitches depends on which concept
absolute threshold
signal detection theory
bottom up processing
difference threshold
58
What factors are ignored when people commit the fundament attribution error
situational
behavioral
dispositional
social
59
In a class of 25 students, all but 2 score between 82 and 94. The 2 scores of 47 and 55 are
variances
normally distributed
modes
outliers
60
What number will tell Matt whether his research is statistically significant
a correlation coefficient close to .75
a standard deviation of 4 or more
a probability of chance less than 5%
a mean that is the same as the median
61
Which best explains the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
perceived control over life reduces stress and improves mood
an event causes an emotion and a physiological response
physiological reaction and cognitive labeling cause emotion
people follow a pattern of alarm, resistance, exhaustion
62
What theory of emotion are cognitive psychologists likely to support
James-Lange theory
Schachter two-factor theory
social facilitation theory
opponent process theory
63
What would Piaget test to see if a child is in pre-operational or concrete operational stage
object permanence
conservation
universal ethical principles
attachment
64
Maria slams the car door and yells at her kids. Now when they hear a car door slam they cringe
operant conditioning
instrumental learning
observational learning
classical conditioning
65
turning up the volume on a radio changes which aspect of sound
frequency of the wave
amplitude of the wave
pitch of the tone
transduction of the wave
66
What kind of personality theorist would be most interested in the results of the MMPI
humanistic
psychoanalytic
trait
biological
67
What research method could study the relationship between owning a hybrid car and being vegan
correlation study
case study
experiment
naturalistic observation
68
Which concept is most relevant to Noam Chomsky's theory of how children learn language
serial position effect
language acquisition device
phonemes and morphemes
linguistic relativity hypothesis
69
psychogenic amnesia is an indication of which kind of psychological disorder
schizophrenic
personality
anixety
dissociative
70
children who suffer brain damage can regain function more quickly than older patients due to
hemispheric lateralization
effective psychological environment
neuroplasticity
contralateral control
71
seeing someone at the grocery store and remembering their name is an example of
recall
retroactive memory
episodic memory
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
72
According to Piaget, when we can't ______ new information, we change our schemas through ______
reduce : stereotypes
assimilate : accomodate
reward : punishment
ignore : adaptation
73
Which of the following has been linked to a deficit of dopamine
autism
Parkinson's disease
Alzheimer's disease
major depressive disorder
74
After repeated firings, neural connections are strengthened. What is this process
long-term potentiation
proactive interference
semantic encoding
state-dependent memory
75
A variable ratio of reinforcement is often preferable to a fixed ratio because
variable ratio schedules produce the quickest results
variable ratio schedules are more resistant to extinction
fixed ratios allow both classical and operant learning
fixed ratio schedules are more time intensive
76
According to Kohlberg, in order to reason at the postconventional level, people must
have been exposed to good, moral role models
resolve the integrity vs. despair conflict
be able to take another person's perspective
believe in God
77
Which structure is located at the most central and protected part of the brain
medulla
sensory cortex
cerebellum
cerebral cortex
78
Which is a common criticism of Freud's personality theory
his evidence comes from therapy sessions, not empirical data
Genetics was not advanced enough to be used as Freud tried
it doesn't apply to people with disorders
his research wasn't representative of the population
79
An American's prototype of a chair is most likely to include
a desk and/or table
four legs and a seat
an armchair, chairlift, and wheelchair
pens, pencils, and a computer
80
Restarting your printer over and over but failing to notice it is out of paper demonstrates
divergent thinking
low experiential intelligence
belief perseverance
a mental set
81
Which of the following is found in Jung's model of the collective unconscious
inferiority complexes
archetypes
repressed memories
functional fixedness
82
what is the first step in any example of classical conditioning
reinforcing for a behavior similar to the desired behavior
pairing an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus
rewarding a conditioned response with a conditioned stimulus
following a response with a reinforcement or punishment
83
A doctor determining whether an accident caused structural damage to the brain would use
rTMS
PET
EEG
MRI
84
If a distribution of scores includes outliers, which measure of central tendency should be used
median
range
mean
standard deviation
85
A musician who signs a recording contract stops playing for fun. This is best explained by
the law of effect
the overjustification effect
social learning theory
latent learning
86
Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism states personality results from the interaction of
rewards, punishments, and reinforcers
genetics, the unconscious, and social facilitation
traits, the environment, and behavior
id, ego, and superego
87
Which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to prejudice
out-group homogeneity
scapegoating
stereotyping
superordinate goals
88
physiological reactions like surprise or shock are controlled by which part of the NS
endocrine system
sympathetic nervous system
serotonin system
somatic nervous system
89
You girlfriend dumps you. "I always knew she was bad news" your friend says. This demonstrates
a theory
self-serving bias
overconfidence
hindsight bias
90
Most people can taste 1g of salt in 1qt of water. Which concept is related to this statement
sensory adaptation
difference threshold
frequency theory
absolute threshold
91
After a natural disaster Faye says, "Serves them right for not having better warning systems."
self-serving bias
false consensus effect
just world bias
Barnum effect
92
Which is most closely associated with creativity
divergent thinking
contextual intelligence
hypothesis testing
functional fixedness
93
Which is most directly involved in the electrical aspect of neurotransmission
neurotransmiters
myelin
terminal button
synaptic cleft
94
Pat is laughing because she just won the lottery. Sal thinks she is a fun person. Sal's opinion
is influenced by the self-serving bias
is influenced by the just world hypothesis
is influenced by the norm of reciprocity
is influenced by the fundamental attribution error
95
Which best summarizes the results of Tolman's latent learning experiment
rats that were continually reinforced ran the maze faster
reinforcement had little impact on the rats' performance
rats who explored the maze first ran faster when reinforced
rats that received punishment ran the maze faster
96
when first born, humans' dominant sense is
smell
touch
sight
hearing
97
Vance's psychiatrist diagnoses him with bipolar disorder. Which medication would he prescribe
SSRIs
lithium
benzodiazepines
L-Dopa
98
Which statement best represents the relationship between performance and arousal
performance is best at low and high levels of arousal
performance steadily increases as arousal increases
performance continually decreases as arousal increases
too little or too much arousal is harmful to performance
99
Runners in a park increase their speed when another runner comes into view. This illustrates
disinhibition
social facilitation
social roles
conformity
100
Which is one of the key factors distinguishing major depressive disorder from sadness
sadness is paired with heightened senses and mania
normal sadness is much less intense than depression
lasts longer than 2 weeks without an obvious cause
specific changes in the brain
101
4YO Kate sits right in front of all the other kids to watch a magician. According to Piaget,
Kate cannot reason hypothetically
Kate has a lack of conservation
Kate is demonstrating egocentrism
Kate lacks object permanence
102
Bandura's Bobo doll experiment evidenced the importance of __________ in social learning
sublimation
mirror neurons
latent learning
modeling
103
What is true about experiments that is not of other research methods
they take place in more realistic, real-life settings
they can determine causal relationships between variables
they can gather data from a large number of people quickly
they involve more research participants than other studies
104
Which part of the brain is "newest" in an evolutionary sense
pons
hypothalamus
cerebellum
cerebral cortex
105
The ability to solve a new computer game based on logical puzzles probably depends on
fluid intelligence
multiple intelligences
aptitude intelligence
crystallized intelligence
106
Which technique would be most helpful in avoiding the problems associated with groupthink
increasing group polarization within different groups
encouraging contrary opinions within the group
responding to deindividuation among group members
identifying approach-avoidance conflicts
107
The case study of Phineas Gage was significant because it was one of the the first examples of
using a CAT scan to document the extent of the injury
treatment with drugs that alter neurotransmission
a specific brain area associated with emotional changes
treating a brain-damaged patient with psychotherapy
108
classical conditioning involves __________; operant conditioning involves __________
learned responses; physiological reactions
fixed intervals; variable ratios
pairing stimuli; rewards and punishments
schedules; punishers
109
A therapist who tells a client to write down their depressed thoughts is using this perspective
pharmacological
structuralist
behavioral
cognitive
110
Delusions and hallucinations are most characteristic of
schizophrenia
dissociative identity disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
antisocial personality disorder
111
A librarian gives a prize for every five books students read. Her schedule of reinforcement is
fixed variable
continuous
fixed ratio
variable interval
112
What kind of therapy involves both cognitive and behavioral interventions
counterconditioning
aversion therapy
rational emotive behavior therapy
systematic desensitization
113
negative reinforcers __________ a stimulus in order to ___________ a behavior
remove : decrease
remove : punish
add : decrease
remove : increase
114
Harlow's rhesus monkey experiment illustrated
that language is a uniquely human skill
that primates can make and use tools
the danger of separating babies from their natural parents
the importance of physical contact to development
115
which of the following is most likely to lead to a confabulated memory
leading questions
brain injury
proactive interference
relearning effect
116
which newborn reflex helps infants find and eat food
stepping
rooting
Moro
Babinski
117
Someone who fails an exam and reacts by studying longer probably has this locus of control
external
fundamental
situational
internal
118
Elizabeth Loftus' research on wording and misinformation effects on memory best demonstrate
the rate at which people forget information
the role of the hippocampus in memory
the serial position effect
the reconstructive nature of memory
119
which of the following most impacts the speed of motor development
concrete operational exercises
myelination of brain neurons
early gross motor practice
secure attachment with parents
120
which structure is part of the inner ear
auditory canal
tympanic membrane
malleus (hammer)
basilar membrane
121
When like-minded groups take more extreme positions than individuals comprising the group
group polarization
groupthink
social facilitation
deindividuation
122
If Pavlov's dogs began to salivate when they heard a sound similar to a bell they would show
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
unconditioned response
spontaneous recovery
123
Which is an important technique used by humanist psychologists during therapy
unconditional positive regard
factor analysis
secondary central dispositions
defense mechanisms
124
which social psychology principle best explains prejudice
individualism
self-serving bias
in-group bias
compliance strategies
125
A person with a painful skin rash finds hard scratching temporarily relieves the pain
opponent-process theory
transduction theory
frequency theory
gate-control theory
126
Which of the therapies below is no longer used to treat patients
electro-convulsive shock therapy
prefrontal lobotomy
gestalt therapy
free association
127
Garcia and Koelling's research on aversions established which UCS/CS pairs as most powerful
movement and electrical shocks
performing a task and receiving food
punishment and aversion
nausea and food or drink
128
Amy has a cat. The first time she sees a rabbit she calls it a cat. Her mistake is due to
discrimination
accommodation
habituation
assimilation
129
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment studied what developmental concept
attachment
parenting style
assimilation
motor development
130
Lana learns how to be goalie as her coach gradually rolls the ball faster at parts the goal
token economy
behavior shaping
law of effect
higher-order conditioning
131
A teacher whose class culture encourages intrinsic motivation uses which management style
James-Lange
theory Y
approach-avoidance
postconventional
132
An EEG of Cyrus after he has been asleep for about an hour would show primarily
alpha waves
beta waves
delta waves
sleep spindles
133
At what age is the onset of schizophrenia most typical
mid 30s
early 20s
puberty
late 40s
134
Knowledge of different categories of trees is an example of what type of long-term memory
procedural memory
semantic memory
episodic memory
eidetic memory
135
which disorder would respond best to cognitive behavioral therapy
schizophrenia
major depressive disorder
bipolar disorder
dissociative identity disorder
136
What was one of the factors that increased conformity in Asch's studies
presence of an authority figure
placebo effect
wearing guard uniforms
size of the group
137
Which theory explains how experiences from infancy through old age influence personality
Harlow's contact comfort theory
Piaget's cognitive development theory
Kohlberg's moral development theory
Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
138
if the College Board left out questions about neuroscience on the AP exam, the test would lack
test-retest reliability
split-half reliability
predictive validity
content validity
139
People who are easily hypnotizable are likely to score highly on which Big 5 trait
conscientiousness
openness
neuroticism
extraversion
140
Abraham Maslow theorized that people are motivated by
desire to achieve in the eyes of others
satisfying needs on a hierarchy
achieving physiological homeostasis
reinforcement of primary and secondary needs
141
a test which places someone into personality categories (e.g.extravert/introvert) is based on
social cognitive theroy
psychodynamic theory
trait theory
biological theory
142
Which of the following models of personality is the least deterministic
psychodynamic
biological
humanistic
evolutionary
143
testing the problem-solving skills of 10, 20, and 30-year-olds in a study uses this method
developmental study
cross-sectional study
social-cognitive study
longitudinal study
144
learned helplessness is most likely to be directly related to
the Oedipus complex
an external locus of control
unconditional positive regard
the self-serving bias
145
Julie is more alert in the morning; John in the evening. This is because of differences in
circadian rhythm
sleep cycles
daily activities
personalities
146
the limbic system plays an important role in
planning for the future
regulating emotion
maintaining balance
processing sensory information
147
Lara is attracted to Craig but can't stand his friends and family. Her conflict is classified
avoidance-avoidance
approach-approach
she does not have a conflict
approach-avoidance
148
patients who are described as "split brain" have had what structure removed
medulla oblongata
hippocampus
prefrontal cortex
corpus callosum
149
In people, rods, unlike cones,
have a lower absolute threshold for light
are unable to detect motion
are located in the center of the retina
respond more quickly to colors
150
which of the following terms applies to IQ tests
standardized
achievement
projective
triarchic
151
A low level of glucose in Sam's bloodstream would most likely make him want to
pursue a romantic interest
make new friends
eat a meal
go for a run
152
Someone who can't move the muscles needed for accurate speech might have brain damage where
Gage's area
Wernicke's area
Broca's area
hippocampus
153
Reading a job description written with masculine pronouns, people think of the employee as male
principle of continuity
the social role hypothesis
linguistic relativity hypothesis
gender schema theory
154
Withdrawal symptoms are most directly caused by this process
dissociation
activation-synthesis
antagonists
tolerance
155
A medication prescribed for major depression would most likely act on which neurotransmitter
serotonin
adrenaline
dopamine
acetylcholine
156
Research indicates that which factor most influences one's sexual orientation
hormones released in the womb
parenting style
masculine/feminine personality traits
traumatic childhood experiences
157
Dan is a toddler who avoids eye contact and resists to changes to routine. He shows symptoms of
Down syndrome
fetal alcohol syndrome
autism spectrum disorder
mental retardation
158
Which personality theory is criticized for its overly optimistic view of human nature
psychoanalytic
humanistic
trait
cognitive
159
which is an example of an implicit memory
remembering how to tie your shoelace
describing the taste of a birthday cake
recalling the name of your JH math teacher
recognizing a celebrity
160
Which theory would assert that a key motivation for people is spreading their genetic material
cognitive
evolutionary
psychodynamic
humanistic
161
Of the following, children will most likely develop this skill first
say a sentence
clap their hands
write with a pencil
cut with a knife
162
When Susie went to prom with Dan, Max channeled his feelings of frustration into artwork
projection
displacement
reaction formation
sublimation
163
which of the following statistics provides most information about how spread out a data set is
standard deviation
median
mean
range