Research Methods Final

Changes in performance by the mere presence of others is known as the __________ effect.

Research q's help focus the researchers lit. review and lead to creation of specific hypotheses

Ethnography comes from the Greek word:

A ______ study reduces the possibility of this by ensuring participants are unaware of outcomes

When interpreting scores in a normal curve____of all scores fall in 1 & 2 standard deviations

___________ theory is a systematic procedure used to generate a theory that explains a process

The alternating treatment design was originally used in __________ analysis:

Research questions often influence the data collection and sampling methods.

A _____ curve is when every score above the mean has a mirror-image score below the mean

_____recording measures the elapsed time between the occurrence and the beginning of a behavior

High school class rank is an example of a(n) _______ scale.

Another way of expressing effect sizes in correlational research involves the computation of:

Professional characteristics of counselors appear to make _____ difference in treatment outcome

Evaluation is the measurement of worth based on the evidence.

One of the criticisms of case study research is that the results are not generalizable

An effect size (ES)=1 indicates the treatment was ___ SDs above the mean of the control group

The __________ is used to compare a sample mean to a previously known population mean

______is the consistency of scores for each person from one administration of a test to another

A larger sample size leads to _______ amount(s) of sampling error.

Data can be disaggregated by:

The higher the multicollinearity, the _____ the accuracy of the prediction with future samples.

The amount of type I error is identified as α, alpha.

All of the following are scales of measurement EXCEPT:

When interpreting scores using a normal curve____fall between the mean & one standard deviation

Quantitative methods seek knowledge through the pursuit of:

Mixed-group designs are also known as split plot designs.

Post hoc analyses are only conducted when __________ results indicate statistical significance.

Multicollinearity occurs when there is a __________ of correlations among the predictors.

Wilk’s lambda in MANOVA takes into account the correlations among the __________ variables.

____ hypothesis predicts a difference will occur without showing what group will perform better

“What is your marital status?” is an example of a __________ question.

___ coding involves exploring the initial transcribed data to name/categorize discrete elements

The process where you start broad through reviewing the literature you help narrow your scope?

Counselors using action research focus on information that will alter conditions in a setting

__________ refers to the nature of reality:

Grounded theory was based on the theoretical framework of symbolic interactionism.

_____ questions allow researchers to gather concrete information about participants & settings.

Populations yield _____ while samples yield:

_______ was the forerunner in the establishment of single-subject case methodology

Male and female fall under the __________ category of variable.

The grounded theory approach was initiated by:

What should each body paragraph begin with that prepares the reader for the forthcoming content

_____ data involves scores being lumped together to provide an average for students

A summary of existing literature on the research topic-could be considered a definition of a:

An article directly related to the topic is known as a ________ source.

Critical theory accepts the tenet that reality is socially constructed.

__________ scales categorize a client characteristic in non-ordered and exclusive categories

Alternate treatment design is used to measure more than one treatment method on a dependent var

__________ uses two or more predictor variables to predict the criterion variable, Y.

Statistical __________ is the likelihood of finding statistically significant differences.

All of these are used in statistical selection of predictors in multiple regression EXCEPT:

Factors that can threaten the validity of a research study are:

The _________ hypothesis is generally the research hypothesis

__________ objectives refer to more specific and immediate steps toward meeting goals.

Which part of the paper should convince the reader that the topic is important and interesting?

The __________ test is used when ordinal scores are from two correlated samples.

______is a diagram with a predictor variable on the x-axis and criterion variable on the y-axis

__________ are a type of methodology used in outcome research

Reporting a _________ is a way of dividing a percentile rank distribution into four portions.

A __________ distribution lists every score and the number from highest score to lowest score

The tone of your writing should be based on which of the following?

Kurtosis describes the degree of flatness in a curve.

__________ evaluation is an end-of-program evaluation.

________ analysis allows empirical studies to be collapsed into a meaningful quantitative index

Ethnographic research has its origins in:

__________ error occurs when the null hypothesis is retained but should have been rejected.

_______ is when the observer records occurrences of a target behavior in the at a point in time

The reliability of score indicates the degree to which these scores are free of:

A needs assessment in agencies, clinics, or other non-school venues should be conducted:

Clients are less likely to drop out prematurely if professional counselors:

Researchers must remain attentive to the research subjects __ to ensure the best possible data

Surveys generate a tremendous amount of perception-based data over a short period of time

Only quantitative inquiry is subject to researcher bias.

The purpose of ______ is to find support for observations/conclusions from more than one source

A sample refers to a larger group of individuals who the results of the study generalized.

___ is the estimate of how consistently instruments used to gather data performed

The lower & upper bounds of the confidence interval for means is calculated based on a critical

__________ studies do not explicitly define a dependent variable of primary interest.

Any mathematical operation can be applied to ratio data.

Phenomenology has its roots in:

Type II error is largely dependent on:

All of the following are true of qualitative research EXCEPT that it:

When all other things are equal, __________ tests are more powerful than __________ tests.

In single-subject research designs, professional counselors use replication to evaluate:

The alternating treatment design was originally used in __________ analysis:

The __________ is the distance between the highest and lowest scores in the distribution.

In the problem identification stage, counselors complete all of the following EXCEPT:

Qualitative researchers avoid using the term sample and instead use purposive selection.

______ recording is a process by which a professional counselor records all observed behaviors.

College Entrance Examination Board scores have a mean of _____ and standard deviation of _____.

Which design offers more control over history, maturation, testing, and regression threats?

The literature review should only summarize the information.

The question “how will data be collected” falls under the category of methodology.

Snowball sampling is an appropriate method for sampling participants who are easy to obtain

ANOVAs and t-tests are examples of :

Goals in a needs assessment are usually written in language NOT amenable to:

Which of the follow is/are univariate tests?

Although inappropriate in writing, _____ language is considered everyday language.

The __________ of two variables expresses the relationship between them.

__________ may contribute to negative client outcomes.

Member checking involves returning to the field to check interpretations with the informants.

Parametric tests assume:

__________definitions outline the precise steps required to measure a variable accurately:

Effect size is the number of ______ above or below the mean where a given treatment score lies

Researchers observed more frequent premature termination rates by clients EXCEPT those with:

Outliers are a major problem because outliers:

Time series methodology is an assessment of:

A t-test is used to compare __________ mean(s).

When generating possible research questions, all of the following should be used EXCEPT:

Using samples of convenience reduces the credibility of the research investigation.

Variables that contribute unwanted variance are called extraneous variables.

Which of the following mathematical operations can be performed on nominal scales?

The most reliable and valid data-gathering and data-analysis methods are fit to the research:

Under normal circumstances __________ tests are more powerful.

______ statistics are used when assumptions required for parametric analysis have been violated

Researcher ______ refers to how the researcher’s worldview influences the research design

A widely used measure of goodness-of-fit for confirmatory models is the chi-square.

_________ refers to beliefs of stakeholders about the need for/impact of, services provided

A Likert-type scale is an example of a(n) __________ scale.

Disaggregated data allows the identification of programmatic strengths and weaknesses.

The purpose of most research is to expand on or improve existing research.

____ hypotheses explore how scores on an independent var. relate to scores on a dependent var.

___ hypothesis predicts no difference or relationship will be observed between or among groups.

The output for linear regression with two or more predictors is referred to as:

In single-subject research designs, professional counselors use replication to evaluate

__________ tests are more powerful than nonparametric tests.

_________ recording involves counting the frequency of occurrences within a observation period.

In qualitative research, the soundness of the research is evaluated by its:

___ statistics help predict the probability of a causal association with a degree of confidence

Qualitative inquiry tends to be an inductive process.