The correlation coefficient between SAT scores and IQ scores = 0.82. This means that

as SAT scores increase, so do IQ scores

The 3 major categories of the entire human brain are the __________.

hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain

The correlation coefficient between student absences and student achievement = -0.78. This means that

as student absences increase, student achievement decreases

According to the contingency model of classical conditioning, learning is due to the __________.

expectation the unconditioned stimulus will follow the conditioned stimulus

All of the following are stages of Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Stage Theory EXCEPT

sensorimotor versus preoperational

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Answers

1
Weber’s law can help compute which of the following?
the difference threshold
perceptual set
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
2
The correlation coefficient between SAT scores and IQ scores = 0.82. This means that
as SAT scores increase, so do IQ scores
as SAT scores increase, IQ scores decrease
SAT scores have little to no correlation to IQ scores
as SAT scores decrease, IQ scores increase
3
You receive a free sandwich after the fifth, eighth, and eleventh sandwich you buy. What type of schedule is this?
continuous
fixed-ratio
fixed-interval
variable-ratio
4
The variable that the experimenter manipulates is the
dependent variable
independent variable
confounding variable
control variable
5
Learning by watching and copying someone is called __________.
instrumental learning
the law of effect
modeling
latent learning
6
What principle is illustrated by going inside an air-conditioned building when it’s really hot outside?
negative punishment
negative reinforcement
positive punishment
positive reinforcement
7
Responsible for controlling the muscles involved in producing speech, Broca’s area is located where in the body?
temporal lobe
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
8
This is a process used to put participants into a group (experimental or control) without bias.
random sampling
random assignment
structured interview
group matching
9
Learning is synonymous with __________.
extinction
spontaneous recovery
generalization
acquisition
10
You earned a perfect score on your test, but everyone else failed. If this distribution were graphed, it would be _____.
negatively skewed
symmetrical
positively skewed
normal
11
This diagnostic test detects brain waves and is used in sleep research to identify stages of sleep and dreaming.
magnetic resonance imaging
electroencephalogram
positron emissions tomography
computerized axial tomography
12
Bo has used the data he collected & organized to draw a conclusion and to make a prediction. This is an example of
inferential statistics
descriptive statistics
delusional behavior
a case study
13
This theory consists of 8 stages, each centering on a specific social conflict (e.g., trust vs. mistrust).
attachment theory
psychosocial stage theory
ecological systems theory
cognitive development theory
14
The cocktail party effect (e.g., rerouting your attention when hearing your name at a loud party) demonstrates ________.
selective attention
visuospatial sketchpad
proximity
transduction
15
Which sampling method guarantees that every person in a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample?
stratified
random
matrix
representative
16
Behaviorists explain human thought and behavior in terms of __________.
introspection
validity
the unconscious mind
conditioning
17
Flip books create the illusion of motion by using which of the following?
the visual cliff
relative size
the stroboscopic effect
the placebo effect
18
The 3 major categories of the entire human brain are the __________.
neurons, synapses, and cerebral cortex
hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain
lower, middle, and upper brain
old brain, new brain, and cerebral cortex
19
What type of study is it when only the participants do not know to which group they have been assigned?
single-blind study
Likert scale study
survey method
double-blind study
20
Opiates act as agonists for this neurotransmitter.
endorphins
GABA
serotonin
dopamine
21
The unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov’s experiments with dogs was __________.
the ringing of the bell
fear
food
salivation
22
As per the correlational method, ______ between two things means the presence of one predicts the presence of the other.
a neutral correlation
a third variable
a positive correlation
a negative correlation
23
This type of developmental psychology research method examines one group of participants over a long period of time.
a structured interview
longitudinal research
debriefing
cross-sectional research
24
Which of the following are most numerous in the human eye?
rods
ganglion cells
cones
bipolar cells
25
Blindness could be the result of damage to the visual cortex in the __________.
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
parietal lobe
frontal lobe
26
Schizophrenia has often been linked to an excess of __________.
dopamine
GABA
epinephrine
serotonin
27
Identify the dependent variable: If teens play violent video games, then they will be more likely to commit violent acts
violent acts
violent video games
28
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
classical conditioning
latent learning
operant conditioning
insight learning
29
A monocular depth cue in which objects that overlap other objects are perceived to be closer is called __________.
linear perspective
interposition
retinal disparity
shadowing
30
The correlation coefficient between student absences and student achievement = -0.78. This means that
as student absences increase, student achievement decreases
as student absences increase, so does student achievement
student absences have little to no correlation to student achievement
as student absences decrease, so does student achievement
31
CAT and MRI scans provide what kind of information about the brain?
structure
neural activity
psychological diagnosis
function
32
Which of the following could be an operational definition of excitement in an experiment?
being filled with enthusiasm
displaying a feeling of anticipation
possessing anticipatory emotions
having an increased heart rate
33
According to the contingency model of classical conditioning, learning is due to the __________.
expectation the unconditioned stimulus will follow the conditioned stimulus
principle of continuous reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement
repeated pairing of the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
34
Which research method should be chosen to answer a research question that includes a causal inference?
survey
experiment
case study
naturalistic observation
35
Transduction takes place in which structure in the eye?
lens
pupil
retina
cornea
36
Which of the following is a binocular depth cue?
texture gradient
interposition
convergence
relative size
37
What is the process called when you are first teaching a new behavior and you reward the behavior each time it occurs?
instinctive drift
variable-ratio schedule
continuous reinforcement
fixed-interval schedule
38
A statistically significant result is _____.
negative
important
positive
unlikely to be due to chance
39
This refers to when new connections are formed in the brain to take over for damaged sections.
lesioning
contralateral control
linguistic processing
brain plasticity
40
All of the following are stages of Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Stage Theory EXCEPT
autonomy versus shame and doubt
trust versus mistrust
initiative versus guilt
sensorimotor versus preoperational
41
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-to-top processing
ateral processing
top-down processing
bottom-up processing
42
What is the brain structure most closely involved in our memory system?
pons
corpus callosum
reticular formation
hippocampus
43
According to Piaget’s cognitive development theory, what is one of the first schemes that humans learn as infants?
preconventional reasoning
information processing
conservation of volume
object permanence
44
A(n) ________ is a conjecture that expresses a relationship between two variables.
operational definition
sampling
observation
hypothesis
45
All of the following have been categorized as core virtues or character strengths in positive psychology EXCEPT
wisdom
justice
humanity
extravagance
46
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rat
rabbit
loud noise
fear reaction
47
What does the cerebellum regulate?
arousal
muscle movement
emotions
memory
48
In this type of study, neither the participant nor the researcher knows to which group a participant has been assigned.
single-blind study
convenience sampling
double-blind study
stratified sampling
49
Differences between experimental and control groups (other than the independent variable) are _____.
unreliable variables
dependent variables
secondary variables
confounding variables
50
Which of these is an example of top-down processing?
the Müller-Lyer illusion
the phi phenomenon
perceptual set
proximity
51
Bo has collected a lot of data and organized it into charts & graphs. This is an example of
descriptive statistics
inferential statistics
delusional behavior
the experimental method
52
Identify the independent variable: If teachers assign more homework, then their AP scores will increase.
the amount of homework
AP test scores
53
Bandura, Ross, and Ross’s Bobo doll experiment demonstrated __________.
atent learning
insight learning
observational learning
abstract learning
54
Sweet, sour, salty, and bitter are all terms associated with which of the following?
gustation
ganglion cells
kinesthetic sense
place theory
55
The more students practice their band instruments, the fewer mistakes they make. This is a _____.
negative correlation
spurious correlation
strong correlation
positive correlation
56
What method allows the researcher to show an independent variable has an effect on a dependent variable?
correlational method
ethnography
naturalistic observation
experimental method
57
Preferring stimuli we’ve seen before, even if we don’t remember seeing them, is an example of what phenomenon?
rapid eye movement
top-down processing
bottom-up processing
mere-exposure effect
58
Which of these is NOT a common measure of central tendency?
mode
standard deviation
mean
median
59
When you give a dog a treat when he sits on command, that is an example of __________.
observational learning
taste aversion
negative reinforcement
positive reinforcement
60
If your teacher quizzes you every three days, studying is being reinforced on a __________ schedule.
fixed-ratio
fixed-interval
variable interval
variable ratio
61
Researchers used __________ to investigate how humans perceive images as a whole rather than by individual elements.
eclectic therapy
behaviorism
Gestalt psychology
humanism
62
A perceptual set implies that...
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
people often see what they expect to see
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
63
This netlike collection of cells throughout the midbrain controls body arousal and the ability to focus our attention.
hippocampus
reticular formation
amygdala
cerebellum
64
Which of the following brain structures plays an important role in emotional regulation and directing thought processes?
reticular formation
cerebellum
amygdala
prefrontal cortex
65
What is the correct term for drugs that block neurotransmitters from being absorbed into dendrites?
hallucinogens
depressants
antagonists
agonists
66
Some people need glasses because this structure in their eye can no longer focus light effectively.
retina
lens
pupil
cornea
67
According to this theory, we have 3 types of cones in our retinas and each detects a different primary color of light.
trichromatic theory
frequency theory
place theory
opponent-process theory
68
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
operant conditioning
reinforcement
observational learning
classical conditioning
69
Which of these scenarios best illustrates negative punishment?
A parent gives a teenager his allowance once he cleans his room.
A parent sternly lectures a teenager who misses curfew.
A parent stops lecturing once the teenager cleans his room.
A parent takes away a cell phone when a teenager misses curfew.
70
According to Jean Piaget’s stage theory, how do human beings learn?
through assimilation and accommodation
through retroactive and proactive memory
through reliability and validity
through operant and classical conditioning
71
Which of these would be most helpful for smelling a fresh batch of cookies?
papillae
olfactory bulb
iris
tympanic membrane
72
As people get older, their __________ intelligence tends to stabilize or may even increase.
fluid
abstract
crystallized
analytic
73
This part of the peripheral nervous system controls voluntary muscle movements.
somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
74
This part of the brain controls blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing.
pons
medulla
hindbrain
midbrain
75
Cognition and reactions might be caused by the effects of all of the following EXCEPT
somnambulism
genes
neurotransmitters
hormones
76
The iris is a muscle that regulates the size of the __________ through which light enters.
pupil
lens
cornea
retina
77
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
cochlea
oval window
temporal lobe
stirrup
78
Giving a child a new toy after she picks up her toys 3 times in a row is an example of which reinforcement schedule?
fixed-ratio
variable-interval
variable-ratio
fixed-interval
79
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
thalamus
location of injury
cortex
spinal cord
80
Which best describes this distribution?
positively skewed
normal
bimodal
negatively skewed
81
QuizResearch indicates that the lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus are important for which human drive?
violence
hunger
affection
sex
82
All of these are primary reinforcers EXCEPT
food
money
rest
water
83
QuizAn inability to think hypothetically reflects a lack of __________.
conservation
concrete operations
formal operations
classification
84
Which best describes this distribution?
normal
bimodal
positively skewed
negatively skewed
85
Ethical guidelines for psychological research are established by the _____.
U.S. Department of Ethics in Research
Institutional Review Board
Department of Mental Health
American Psychological Association
86
This neurotransmitter is responsible for motor movement.
serotonin
GABA
acetylcholine
dopamine
87
Theoretically, random assignment should eliminate ________.
concerns over validity or reliability
sampling error
the need to analyze data with statistics
differences between participants in the experimental and control groups
88
Which of the following is not considered ethical according to the APA's Code of Ethics?
debriefing
sharing results that are undesirable to the participants
deception
informed consent
89
This determines whether or not findings can be applied to the larger population from which the sample was selected.
inferential statistics
descriptive statistics
correlational method
statistical significance
90
When researchers opt to observe participants in their natural habitats without interacting with them, it is __________.
naturalistic observation
case study method
single blind
correlation method
91
What is the most commonly occurring score in a distribution?
standard deviation
range
median
mode
92
Recognizing that one whole pizza is the same as 8 separate slices is an example of what principle?
conservation of area
overregularization
conservation of number
zone of proximal development
93
Which of the following reflexes help babies find a food source?
grasping
Moro
Babinski
rooting

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