Periodization AP World History Review

A collection of city-states along the east coast of Africa reach their peak in the Indian Ocean trade.

The Tanzimat Reform in Ottoman Empire provokes conservatives by trying to secularize education and other western ideals.

Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta travel and interpret the world through their cultural lenses.

Sepoys revolt against British rule in India.

Women's suffrage movements are successful in Europe and North America.

European Christianity forms syncretic religious beliefs with indigenous Latin American and Caribbean faiths.

Trading blocks of nations form; global organizations emerge to facilitate trade.

The Russian Empire emancipates serfs in order to create a new labor force.

New racial classifications, such as mestizo, mulatto, and creole, emerge in colonial Latin America.

Major trade cities include Novgorod, Timbuktu, Malacca, and Kilwa.

Japan is pulled out of its isolation, quickly industrializes, and begins to be seen as a major power.

Buddhist and Daoist ideas blend with Confucianism to form Neo-Confucianism, the new state ideology in China.

Ottoman and Chinese civilizations must balance industrial reform with their traditional identities.

The Spanish, Dutch, French, and British establish sea-based empires in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.

The Chinese invade Vietnam, discover quick-ripening champa rice, and experience a population increase.

Most rapid and numerous independence movement in history occurs, some with armed conflict, others through negotiation

Polynesians, Arabs, and Bantu people migrate, spreading their languages and foods.

On Lake Texcoco, the Aztecs build a state based on collection of tribute and agriculture on raised chinampas.

After being humiliated by the British, China experiences a massive rebellion against the rule of 'foreign' Manchus.

The Ottoman army, based on conscripted janissaries, clash with their Shia Safavid neighbors.

After the Battle of Talas, paper technology spreads from the Chinese to the Muslims.

Eurasian nomads create the largest contiguous empire in history. Silk Road trade is revived.

Migration leads to cultural enclaves in major urban areas. The migrants often experience legal discrimination.

Islamic Caliphates first rise.

The new Russian Empire encourages peasant settlement into its eastern regions.

Slavery is replaced by indentured servitude as the primary source of agricultural labor in the Americas.

A substantial number of Asians migrate to the Americas for agricultural labor.

Portugal creates a trading post empire in the Indian Ocean

Global power structure is characterized by a bi-polar struggle between opposing economic ideologies.

Massive urbanization and industrializations in Europe lead to smaller families and lower fertility rates.

Experiments in state-managed economies take place in China and Russia

Pro-democracy movements are successful in Eastern Europe but crushed in East Asia.

China and the Byzantine Empire experience significant revolts of free peasants.

Colonial economies in the Americas depend on a wide range of coerced labor

In several civilizations, changes in power of elites who serve as intermediaries between ruler and ruled (ex-Zamindars).

Religious fundamentalism in Americas and Middle East as reactions to scientific theories and/or political frustrations.

The Manchus overthrow the Ming and establish the Qing Dynasty in China.

Trade is facilitated by paper currency in Asia, and bills of exchange and credit in the Dar al Islam.

Colonization is intensified by evolutionary theories of race.

Groups such as Marathas in South Asia and the Taiping in East Asia challenge imperial rule.

National identities form out of common cultural, ethnic, linguistic, or religious traits.

Chinese and Roman civilizations combined innovations with their own traditions to make enduring political systems.

The Grand Canal, a major state-funded project to stimulate the economy, is created by Sui Dynasty in China.

European merchants in Southeast Asia must depend upon Asian women to get access to trade.

China experiences a population surge due to transplanting of American crops and global flow of American silver.

Banana Republics, whose economies focused on a single export, formed in Latin America.

Arabic numerals and Greek scholarship pass to Europe after Christian campaigns to take Jerusalem from Muslims.

The needs of the 'Second Industrial Revolution' lead to copper mining operations in Mexico.

Europeans learn the astrolabe from Muslims, develop the caravvel, and navigate down the west coast of Africa.

An exchange of crops, culture, animals, and disease pathogens begins between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas.

South Asia is partitioned into two states because of irreconcilable religious differences.

Hellenism spreads to Central Asia and forms syncretic cultures there.

After Mohammad's visions, Islam unifies Arab people and creates a durable monotheistic civilization.

Enlightenment ideas about liberty and political legitimacy lead to independence movements in Europe and the Americas.

A slave revolt in the Caribbean creates a free black republic.

Using their longboats, the Vikings (the real ones) raid western Europeans, who develop local institutions for security.

Eurasian land trade routes continue but are surpassed in volume by maritime routes in the Indian Ocean

Global conflicts cause unprecedented (except for the Mongols) civilian casualties

Networks of communication and exchange become truly global.

Rather than a unified Dar-al-Islam, Muslim civilization has by several empires strengthened by use of firearms.

Industrial production is critiqued by both economic liberals and communists.

Invasions, disease, and 'Little Ice Age" decimate Eurasion urban centers, which later recover.

The Russian and Ottoman Empires collapse.

The Self-Strengthening Movement is not successful in reforming China.

An influx of American silver funds monumental architecture in Mughal India, such as the Taj Mahal.

A second wave of imperialism pushes Europeans to colonize the continent of Africa and project power in much of Asia.

As women gain some economic rights in European guilds, the yoke of patriarchy becomes more intense in China.

Human population dramatically increases due to medical advances such as antibiotics and polio vaccines.