Pharmacology Exam 1

• Removal of drugs from the body • Kidneys play the most important role in excretion of medication

How many ounces are in one pound?

Drugs that have been discovered but are not financially viable and therefore have not been “adopted” by any drug company

How many grains are in one dram?

How many milligrams are in one gram?

What happens to a drug from the time it is introduced to the body until it reaches the circulating fluids and tissues

Study of the interactions between the chemical components of living systems & foreign chemicals that enter those systems

The drug can accumulate in the body, leading to toxic levels and adverse effects if...

Uses drugs to treat, prevent, and diagnose disease — the drugs effects on the body the body’s response to the drug

Drug-food interactions

The nurse is in a unique position regarding drug therapy because nursing responsibilities include the following:

Due to media influence, consumers are taking steps to demand specific treatments and considerations

Phase I Studies

The kidneys are the primary organs involved in what process

An agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that regulates the development and sale of drugs

Proper Drug Administration: Right patient, drug, storage, route, dosage, preparation, timing, documentation

Drug tolerance

Sources of Drug Information & Reliability

Original destination that the drug was given when the drug company applied for the approval process, often cheaper $

How many milliliters in one ounce?

Activates the receptor directly; produces a response

Any drug can be administered during pregnancy, regardless of category or presumed safety

React to certain chemicals to cause an effect within the cell

FDA Approval comes after Phase IV

Schedule II (C-II) Controlled Substances

• The movement of a drug to the body’s tissues • Affected by lipid solubility, ionization, perfusion of reactive tissue

Schedule IV (C-IV) Controlled Substances

HMO’s/ PPO’s have “preferred” drug lists

Drug intolerance is an inability to tolerate adverse effects of a medication at therapeutic or subtherapeutic doses

Placebo Effect: The patient’s attitude about a drug has been shown to have an effect on how that drug works

According to the Placebo Effect, a drug is less likely to be effective if the patient believes the drug will work

Schedule V (C-V) Controlled Substances

Phase III Studies

Safety During Pregnancy: Category A

The liver is the primary organ involved in what process

Enforces control of controlled substances

Generic drugs are not required to have the same strength of the active ingredient as the brand name

Phase IV Studies

Preclinical trials test chemicals that may have therapeutic value are tested on laboratory animals for what purposes?

Phase II Studies

Over the Counter Drugs

Drug-drug interactions

The description and analysis of the costs of drug therapy to health care systems and society

There are 500 mL in one pint.

Schedule I (C-1) Controlled Substances

Drug Allergies

1 gram is equal to 15 grains.

There are 128 fluid ounces in one gallon.

How many drams are in one ounce?

Schedule III (C-III) Controlled Substances

Safety During Pregnancy: Category D

Financial pressures are leading to late discharge

The nurse is responsible for monitoring for desired effect of medication, potential adverse reactions, and side effects

Some challenges nurses face include...

Safety During Pregnancy: Category C

How many milligrams are in one grain?

• Liver is the most important site for metabolism • Changes drugs into new, less active chemicals • First pass effect

There are 4000 mL in one _________.

Nurses should be aware of resources to make the patients side effects more tolerable (ex: administer with food)

Study of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs (onset, half-life, peak, duration)

It is not important to educate the patient about the drugs you are administering if they don't ask about them

Chronically decreasing costs are causative of patient not taking medication as ordered

Category B: Animal testing shows no risk to fetus in first trimester; not enough studies show no risk in pregnant women

Herbal therapies and supplements

How many ounces are in one pint?

Drug Actions Associated with Pharmacodynamics

Blocks the receptor; produces no response

The nurse's first priority when it comes to medication administration is...

Drug-laboratory interactions

Safety During Pregnancy: Category X