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Fall 2023 NEUR 2001 Unit 2 Review Flashcards | StudBud
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Fall 2023 NEUR 2001 Unit 2 Review
Fall 2023 NEUR 2001 Unit 2 Review
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1
Imagine you are attempting to catch a Frisbee your freind has thrown at you.... (Choose the correct answers)
Ventral Stream = Tracking and positioning yourself to catch frisbee
Dorsal Stream = Tracking and positioning yourself to catch frisbee
Dorsal Stream = Recognizing a "round falt plastic disc" to catch frisbee
Ventral Stream = Recognizing a "round falt plastic disc" to catch frisbee
2
The primary somatosensory cortex (S1) is ______ to the frontal lobe
Rostral
Ventral
Dorsal
Caudal
3
The dorsal pathway processes information
Allocentrically
Egocentrically
4
Which of the following photoreceptors do humans not have?
Green cones
Blue cones
Yellow cones
Red cones
5
Which of the following brain regions is primarily involved in motion perception?
V1
V5
V4
V2
6
Which of the following mechanoreceptors are fast adapting and a small receptive field?
Ruffini
Meissner
Pacinian
Merkel Cells
7
Which of the following demonstrates damage of Broca's area?
Often misinteprets the meaning
Struggling to understand complex spoken sentences
Frequently produces speech with limited gramatical structure
Difficulty in finding right words to express thoughts
8
A BOLD response measures...
Differences in body oxygen levels
changes in body ozone limit dependent
Differences in blood oxygen levels
Changes in amount of blood
9
It has been observed that as receptive field size increases, the density of neuronal network in somatosensory cortex is:
Stays the same
Increased
Who knows?
Decreased
10
The cerebellum is dorsal to the thalamus
True
False
11
In which of the following receptive fields would the firing rate of the OFF-Center RGC cell be the highest?
C
D
A
B
12
Which of the following best describes how TMS works?
Delivering electromagnetic pulses to the scalp to stimulate or inhibit NA
Surgically implanting electodes in brain to stimulate neural activity (NA)
By measuring electrical activity in the brain to assess cognitive function
By using focused ultrasound to generate targeted brain activity changes
13
A neurologist assessing a patient's sensory loss in a specific region of body. What is looked at for proper assessment?
Patient's respiratory history
Patient's dermatomes and nerve distribution in affected area
Patient's musculoskeletal system and joint mobility
Patient's dental records and oral health
14
How is visual information encoded?
Blobs & interblobs in the striate cortex (V1)
Retinotopy in the LGN (in the thalamus)
Combinatorial coding of different colors via the different opsins.
All of the above
15
Rods depolarize in response to _____
Darkness
UV light
Bright light
Colored red light
16
What type(s) of encoding are involved in olfaction receptor neurons (ORNs)?
Labelled line encoding
Combinatorial encoding
Broad/ fine tuning
Topography
17
How is sound transduced to electrical signals?
Option 1
Option 2
Option 4
Option 3
18
Visual information of objects ahead of you are processed in the extremities of V1; Objects in periphery = center of V1.
True
False
19
What is the sequence of signal transduction and encoding in the auditory pathway?
Hair cells →bipolar cells→ nuclei → thalamus → auditory cortex
Hair cells→bipolar cells→ spiral ganglion cells→ nuclei→thalamus→ cortex
Hair cells→bipolar cells→ horizontal cells→nuclei→ thalamus→auditory cortex
Hair cells → spiral ganglion cells → nuclei -> thalamus → auditory cortex
20
Light is transduced when a photon hits the opsin of a receptor and ____
The opsin activates a Golf protein leading to action potentials
The opsin opens a K+ channel leading to depolarization
The opsin closes a Na+ channel leading to hyperpolarization
The opsin releases intracellular Ca2+ leading to depolarization
21
Which part of the auditory pathway uses air -> fluid amplification and why do sound waves need to be amplified?
Ossicles; unamplified sounds can’t be detected by the auditory pathway
Pinna; unamplified sounds can’t be detected by the auditory pathway
Tympanic membrane; normal sounds not strong enough for mechanoreceptors
Tympanic membrane; normal sounds not strong enough for mechanoreceptors
22
Which of the following best describes how PET works?
By detecting radiotracers to map metabolic activity in tissues
By measuring electrical activity in brain to assess cognitive function
By using strong magnetic fields to visualize internal organs in the body
By emitting X-rays to create images of bone structure and fractures
23
Which of the following best describes "phase-locking" in audition?
The ability to distinguish between sounds of different durations
The synchronization of neural firing with the phase of a sound wave
When sound waves are converted to electrical signals in cochlea hair cells
The way in which different frequencies are organized in the auditory system
24
Which of the following is an example of a phrase that a person with Broca's aphasia might produce?
"I feel great this morning"
"I...see...dog...park"
"The rainbow sparkled with melodious dreams of wandering noodles"
"Dog...black...big...run"
25
Which type of taste receptor has an intracellular store of calcium and what flavors do these receptors detect?
Metabotropic- bitter, sweet, umami
Metabotropic- bitter, umami, sour
Ionotropic- salty and sour
Ionotropic- salty, sweet
26
Now you decide to reach and grasp your phone that fell on the ground to take a photo of this lovely sight! Brain region?
IT
PPC
V3
I'm sick of this cringe! Get me out of here!
27
Which of the following best describes a two-point discrimination test?
A neurological assessment to evaluate memory and cognitive function
Sensory test to assess ability distinguish b/w 2 sep. pts of contact onskin
A test to measure lung capacity and respiratory health
An exercise routine designed to improve muscle strength and flexibility
28
If your nose is blocked, you can easily discriminate between a wedge of a potato and a wedge of an apple.
True
False
29
What type(s) of encoding do we see with taste?
Combinatorial encoding
Retinotopy
Somatotopy
Broad/ fine tuning
30
True or false: All types of olfactory receptors are ionotropic
True
False
31
fMRI differs from MRI in that it helps answers questions related to brain _____ instead of brain _____
structure/activation
activation/structure
activation/connection
connection/activation
32
Which of the following do these diagrams show?
None of these
Right = Combinatorial Encoding
Right = Population Encoding
Left = Labelled Line Encoding
33
Which of the 3 layers of the gastrula gives rise to the nervous system
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
I don't know what this is
34
Low-frequency encoding is more dependent on tonotopy; high-frequency encoding is more dependent on phase-locking.
What does this mean?
I wish I knew
True
False
35
Imagine you are walking through a forest and you suddenly encounter an animal! How would V1 assist in your perception?
Recognize what the animal is
Coordinating your motor skills for the chosen action
Analyzes elemental components of scence (edges, lines, orientation)
Identify basic shapes and contours in visual scene
36
How is the perception of the visual field affected when the left optic nerve is severed?
Only the extreme left visual hemifield is not visible
Complete blindness
Only the extreme right hemifield is not visible
Only the entire right hemifield is not visible
37
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies combinatorial encoding in sensory perception?
Taste receptor cells respond to sweet and sour taste independently
Pacinian corpuscle neurons send specifc signals about pressure to brain
Diff. ORNs recognize distinct components of complex perfume
The coordinated activity of V1->V5 for perception of complex scence
38
Which scenario best demonstrates the effects of PPC damage?
Difficulty in producing language
Difficulty in coordinating hand movements to reach and grasp objects
Difficulty in recognizing familar faces and objects
Difficulty in forming new memories
39
How does olfactory depolarization occur?
No clue
Influx of Ca2+ ions and Efflux of Na+ ions
Influx of Na+ ions and Efflux of K+ ions
Influx of Ca2+ ions and Efflux of Cl- ions
40
The taste pathway travels through the thalamus before reaching the cortex.
True
False
41
True or False: When a mechanoreceptor is stimulated, it depolarizes & releases serotonin but does not fire any AP
False
True
42
The optimal (highest response) for OFF-center RGC and for ON-Center RGC is when there is... (Choose 2 answers)
Off Center RGC: Dark in the center, Light in the surround
Off Center RGC: Light in the center, Dark in the surround
On Center RGC: Light in the center, Dark in the surround
On Center RGC: Dark in the center, Light in the surround
43
What characteristics of sound/hearing are subjective?
Pitch and Loudness
Frequency and Pitch
Amplitude and Frequency
Intensity and Amplitude
44
Based on the scenario, what would be the role of V3?
Track the animal's motion through the forest
Percieve the motion with greater precision
Identify basic shape and contous of visual scene
Recognize what the animal is
45
Now you can percieve the bird's motion with greater precision and plan your actions accordingly? Brain region to thank?
V1
V4
V3
V5/MT
46
Lab found anterior cingulate was more active in ppl who were excluded in a social activity than included. They used...
fMRI
TMS
EEG
ERP
47
Miracle Berries contain a protein called miraculin which modifies sweet receptors so they respond to H+ ions, allowing..
Sweet foods to taste more sour.
Sweet foods to taste more sweet.
Sour foods to taste more sour.
Sour foods to taste more sweet.
48
Now you recognize this bird is not just any bird, but a beautiful red-crowned crane - a rare sight in this forest! BR?
V5/MT
IT
V4
PPC
49
After eating a Miracle Berry, which of the following will be true?
Apples would taste sour and sweet.
Lemons would taste sour and sweet.
Lemons would taste sour and sweet AND Apples would taste sour and sweet
None of these
50
Which of these statements is true about the two pathways for smell in the brain?
Neither pass through the thalamus
Both go through the thalamus
Only one passes through the thalamus
IDK
51
How is frequency encoded in the basilar membrane?
Frequency is not encoded in the basilar membrane; amplitude is
Closer to the apex- higher frequency. Closer to the base- lower frequency
Closer to the apex- lower frequency. Closer to the base- higher frequency
Various levels of frequency- encoded by all cells on the basilar membrane
52
The visual pathway for transduction is
Rods → bipolar cell → RGC
Optic nerve → optic chiasm → optic tract → thalamus → V1
Cones → RGC → bipolar cell → V1 → thalamus
Cones → rods → bipolar cell → thalamus → V1
53
Where is topography for olfaction exhibited?
Olfactory receptors
Olfactory cortex and olfactory bulb
Olfactory cortex only
Olfactory bulb only
54
When you touch a hot pan, mechanoreceptors send messages to the dorsal root ganglion and up to the thalamus and cortex
False
True
55
Based on the scenario, what would be the role of V2?
Track the animal's motion through the forest
Percieve the color of the animal
Recognize the animal
Identify basic shapes and contours of visual scene
56
Which 2 neurotransmitters are involved in depolarization of gustatory afferents?
Serotonin and ATP
ATP and ADP
Dopamine and ATP
Dopamine and Serotonin
57
Now you recognize that the animal is black and white with a dash of red on its head. Which region would be involved?
V1
V4
V2
V5/MT
