Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...

personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level

According to the medical model...

abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease

Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...

an intermittent reinforcement schedule

blocks the action of neurotransmitters

Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...

a variety of environmental factors

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Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review

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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.

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Questions 150

Answers

1
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a distinctive attribution
a situational attribution
an external attribution
an internal attribution
2
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
unrealistic demands from family/friends
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
3
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
evolutionary theory
drive theory
incentive theory
instinct theory
4
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
avoidance therapy
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
psychotherapy
5
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
endorphin
acetylcholine
dopamine
serotonin
6
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
7
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the reciprocity norm
display rules
the law of cognitive dissonance
the principle of collectivism
8
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction capacity
the absolute refractory period
the relative threshold period
transduction incapacity
9
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
absolute
construct
criterion-related
content
10
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
feeding
memory
the autonomic nervous system
the endocrine system
11
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a self-report inventory
a projective test
a behavior rating
a deceptive test
12
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
cornea
iris
vitreous humor
lens
13
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
observational learning
positive reinforcement
classical conditioning
superstitious behavior
14
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
print letters
sing a song
15
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
teratogens
prenatals
opiates
pathogens
16
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
cochlea
oval window
temporal lobe
stirrup
17
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
action potentials
neurotransmitters
antagonists
agonists
18
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
William James
Wilhelm Wundt
G. Stanley Hall
Rene Decartes
19
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
loudness
pitch
timbre
decibels
20
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
defense mechanisms
id mechanisms
coping mechanisms
offense mechanisms
21
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
cocaine
marijuana
heroin
mescaline
22
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
standard deviation
means
correlation coefficients
percentiles
23
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
24
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the unconscious
conscious experience
behavior
the brain
25
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
processing
sensation
perception
attention
26
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a hallucinogen
a sedative
a narcotic
an amphetamine
27
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
shaping
selection
step-wise conditioning
stimulus discrimination
28
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
narcolepsy
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
sleep apnea
29
An antagonist...
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
30
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
insight learning
operant conditioning
latent learning
classical conditioning
31
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
insight
reasoning
creativity
intelligence
32
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the conjunction fallacy
the gambler's fallacy
the confirmation bias
overestimating the improbable
33
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
subliminal threshold
sensory memory
just noticeable difference
absolute threshold
34
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
brainstem
reticular formation
limbic system
cerebellum
35
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
spatial
mechanical
logical-mathemathical
musical
36
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; personality
intelligence; standardized
personality; standardized
37
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
cortex
spinal cord
thalamus
location of injury
38
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
alpha
delta
gamma
beta
39
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
computerized tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
electrographic tomography
positron emission tomography
40
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
conventional
preconventional
concrete
postconventional
41
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mode
median
midpoint
mean
42
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test levels
test scales
test norms
test scores
43
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
pineal gland
thalamus
corpus callosum
parietal lobe
44
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
functionalism
psychoanalysis
neodynamism
behaviorism
45
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
sequential
longitundinal
cross-sectional
time of testing
46
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
bipolar disorder
anxiety disorders
schizophrenia
marital problems
47
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
relearning
recall
reiteration
recognition
48
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
changes in testing procedures
genetic influences on IQ
a variety of environmental factors
group differences in basic intelligence
49
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
anal
genital
latency
oral
50
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
long-term
short-term
intermediate-term
sensory
51
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
subliminal perception
a superimposed stimulus
a false alarm
a just noticeable difference
52
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
classical conditioning
state-dependent learning
observational learning
operant conditioning
53
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
phonemes
linguistic heuristics
syntax
morphemes
54
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
standardized validity
content validity
predictive validity
criterion-related validity
55
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
attachment
personality
temperament
behavioral quality
56
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Wernicke's area
Sperry's area
Broca's area
Cannon's area
57
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
direct observation
psychological tests
physiological recordings
questionnaires
58
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
chunk
script
semantic network
schema
59
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
sensory memories
flashbulb memories
non-declarative memories
episodic memories
60
What is somnambulism?
sleep-walking
sleep-talking
difficulty remaining asleep
difficulty breathing when asleep
61
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
tone
light
salivation
food/meat powder
62
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
corpus callosum
hypothalamus
cerebral cortex
medulla
63
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
fast-mapping
semantic slanting
overextension
metalinguistic awareness
64
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
saturation
light purity
brightness
color
65
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he's just like his father
he always gets in fights
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
66
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an achievement test
an intelligence test
a personality test
an aptitude test
67
The superego is Freud's term for...
the conscious aspect of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the moral component of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
68
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete retrieval failure
partial retrieval
complete storage failure
partial storage
69
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the representativeness heuristic
use a holistic decision model
are using the availability heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
70
What is cognitive dissonance?
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
71
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
cognitive
behavioral
psychoanalytic
humanistic
72
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
operant conditioning
observational learning
classical conditioning
punishment
73
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
physical interaction
logical reasoning
abstract operations
systematic hypothesis testing
74
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a phobia
a compulsion
a delusion
an obsession
75
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
collectivism
attributionism
functionalism
individualism
76
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
avoidance
neurogenic amnesia
repression
suppression
77
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
consciousness
hypnosis
perception
sensation
78
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
an unconditioned response
positive reinforcement
avoidance learning
escape learning
79
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
the internal state causes the facial expression
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
80
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
extinction
unconditioning
spontaneous remission
conditioned forgetting
81
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
parental investments
investment differentiations
social scripts
display rules
82
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rabbit
loud noise
rat
fear reaction
83
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
spontaneous recovery
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
84
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-interval schedule
85
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cognitive structuring
stereotypes
schematizing
cultural direction
86
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
classical conditioning
observational learning
reinforcement
operant conditioning
87
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
law of small numbers
availability heuristic
conjunction heuristic
representativeness heuristic
88
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
None of the Above
problem-solving theory
wish fulfillment theory
activation-synthesis theory
89
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
consistency
predictability
representativeness
accuracy of inference
90
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
smell buds
olfactory cilia
sciatic receptors
gustatory bulbs
91
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a developmental psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a forensic psychologist
a social psychologist
92
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a self-serving attribution
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a heuristic observation
a contravened stereotype
93
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
attributions
self-serving bias
stereotypes
94
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-approach conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
95
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
hearing a sound
seeing a flash of light
smelling an odor
moving a part of his body
96
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were put into a simulated prison
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
97
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
panic disorder
conversion disorder
bipolar disorder
fugue
98
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 2
stage 4
stage 1
REM
99
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
put information into long-term memory
hold information for a lifetime
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
100
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thyroid
pituitary
gonads
thalamus
101
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
tree-bird
car-nose
boat-goat
fill-feed
102
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
ablated
retrieved
encoded
modeled
103
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
displacement
fixation
regression
compensation
104
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
prefrontal cortex
medulla
hypothalamus
occipital cortex
105
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
mood
personality
anxiety
schizophrenic
106
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
conflict
pressure
change
frustration
107
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
aggressiveness
social charm
excessive guilt
manipulative behavior
108
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
fear
sadness
happiness
surprise
109
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
post-conventional moral reasoning
development of secondary sex characteristics
formal operations
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
110
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
thyroid gland
pancreas
sebaceous gland
pituitary gland
111
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring dissent from group members
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
112
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
the personal qualities of the residents
poor police protection
job discrimination experienced by the residents
crowded living conditions
113
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
constancy
symmetry
closure
similiarity
114
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous wakefulness
remain in continuous sleep
become aggressive
115
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
I eated a cookie
give cookie
i wanted a cookie
cookie
116
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
sedatives
alcohol
narcotics
cannabis
117
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
behavior is to motive
thought is to perception
feeling is to thinking
attitude is to action
118
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in agreeableness
low in extraversion
low in openness
high in neuroticism
119
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the conscious
the unconscious
irrational thoughts
maladaptive behaviors
120
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the triarchic level of encoding
the semantic level of encoding
attention encoding
dyadic encoding
121
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
IQ
mental age
a percentile score
a potential score
122
Framing refers to...
presenting only part of the information required
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting irrelevant information
123
Anhedonia is when a person...
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has two different psychological disorders
experiences mild manic states
has trouble getting along with people
124
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
introspection
intelligence
mentalism
cognition
125
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-up processing
bottom-to-top processing
lateral processing
top-down processing
126
A perceptual set implies that...
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
people often see what they expect to see
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
127
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
crystallized
episodic
procedural
fluid
128
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
ESB
tumor ligation
stereotaxic inversion
lesioning
129
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
130
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time awake
cultural practices
exposure to light
amount of time alseep
131
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
industry vs. inferiority
trust vs. mistrust
initiative vs. guilt
132
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
hallucinations
resistance to pain
total loss of personal control
reduction of inhibitions
133
A valid test is one that...
measures what it is supposed to measure
has been standardized but not normed
is consistent
is reliable
134
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
cyclical
dissociative
unipolar
bipolar
135
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
pseudoforgetting
retroactive interference
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
136
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
halo effect in aggression
basis for performing pro-social behavior
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
137
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
phonemic
mnemonic
platonic
138
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
groupthink
cognitive dissonance
obedience
conformity
139
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
limbic system
leftbrain/right brain communication
reticular formation
endocrine system
140
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
141
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
egocentrism
conservation
centration
reversibility
142
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the correlational group
the experimental group
the observational group
the control group
143
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender behaviors
gender roles
gender stereotypes
gender differences
144
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalocaudal trend
the cephalopedal trend
encephalitis
the proximodistal trend
145
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
delusions
illusions
hallucinations
obsessions
146
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
shared inhibition
attachment probing
secure-avoidant
strange situation
147
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
autonomic nerves
efferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
afferent nerves
148
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
group polarization
deindividuation
conformity
social loafing
149
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological instability
psychological stability
psychological instability
physiological stability
150
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
been dreaming
not really been asleep
a headache
not been dreaming

Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review Flashcards | StudBud