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CSAD 148 Exam 2
Should we publish null findings?
Type 1 error:
CSAD 148 Exam 2
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Answers
1
Type 1 error:
p<.05 or p<.01
p>.05 or p>.o1
.10
.20
2
Should we publish null findings?
yes
no
3
All measurement has error
False
True
4
Ratio values cannot be negative
False
True
5
Publication bias tends to involve Type 1 error, or:
null hypothesis effect
False positives
False negatives
Ethics violation
6
Example of Inferential question
What is the average age of students in this major?
How many students in this class are first generation college students?
Do 1st gen students take longer to graduate than non 1st gen students?
7
A researcher tests a therapy for anxiety&finds a significant result w/
p<.05
even tho the therapy actually has no effect
Sampling bias
Measurement error
Type I error (false positive)
Type II error (false negative)
8
When a participant is exposed to some event in between measurements thatmight impact the dependent variable
Instrumentation
Attrition
Maturation
History
9
Researchers examined the relationship between age and income. What kindof statistics would they be likely to use?
t-test
Mann Whitney U
eta squared
Pearson correlation
10
What is the
Belmont Report
?
Report: outlines ethical principles guidelines & research involving humans
A legal document outlining copyright protections for scientific research
A manual for conducting laboratory experiments in biomedical settings
A set of statistical guidelines for analyzing human subject data
11
In the word Inter-rater, Inter=within
False
True
12
three core ethical principles
for conducting research involving human participants in the Belmont Report:
Benefits, Respect, Politeness
Beneficence, Justice, Integrity
Respect for animals, Fairness, Personality
Respect for persons, Beneficence, Justice
13
Find the IV: Do students who receive higher grades tend to attend class more often?
Students
There is no IV
Higher grades
Attendence
14
A functional relationship refers to:
Statistical significance
A correlation
Multiple replications of the IV affecting the DV
The validity of the IV
15
Example of Descriptive question
Do 1st gen students take longer to graduate than non 1st gen students?
What is the average age of students in this major?
Are students in CSAD, younger than students in construction management?
16
What is an example of systematic error
Researcher asks leading questions
A kid has a cold on test day
17
Researchers compared stuttering severity in preschool children bygender. What kind of statistics would they likely use?
Kruskal Wallis
t-test
Spearman correlation
Pearson correlation
18
What are the knowledge acquisitions
Tenacity, Authority, Favoritism, Knowledge
Tenacity, Authority, Rationalism, Empiricism
Evidence, Logic, Guessing, Believing
None
19
Which one is false? To have causation we must have:
Relationship between IV and DV (correlation)
Nothing else could be the cause
Temporal precedence (DV before IV)
Temporal precedence (IV before DV)
20
Threats to internal validity need to be controlled in a study because:
All of the above
A researcher needs to demonstrate a lack of control for avariety of factors
Individuals need to know that they are enrolling in a valid study
Researchers must ensure that there are few alternativeexplanations
21
False negatives are also called Type 2 errors
True
False
22
The treatment group does NOT differ from the control group in a directional hypothesis
False
True
23
Which of the following is an example of a categorical variable?
percent correct
age
bolus volume (oz)
completion of college degree
24
What is the definition if Empiricism (evidence)
Using logic and reasoning to acquire new knowledge
Knowledge through observation and experience
To know in your heart
Believing someone from a higher power
25
The file-drawer effect is also known as:
synthetic review
publication bias
external validity
researcher bias
26
Validity is measurable
False
True
27
Dr Davis is scoring grad apps, She scores all of the essays, takes a break, then re-scores. What process is this
Parallel forms reliability
Test-retest reliability
Interrater reliability
Intrarater reliability
28
A hearing test fails to detect hearing loss in a group of children who have hearing impairments. This is an example of
Sensitivity
Type II error (false negative)
Specificity
Type I error (false positive)
29
What is an example of random error
Researcher asks leading questions
A kid has a cold on test day
30
Which one is not a kind of a single subject design
Withdrawal designs, or ABAB designs
Visual analysis designs
Multiple baseline designs
Alternating treatment designs
31
Independent variable is the presumed _____; Dependent variable is the presumed _____
Cause, Effect
Correlation, Variable
Answer, Question
Effect, Cause
32
In classical test theory, the measurement with less error is __________ because its observed score provides a true score
Less valid
More reliable
More valid
Less reliable
33
Find the DV: is high cholesterol associated with increased risk of heart attacks?
There is no DV
Risk of heart attack
High colesterol
Increased risk
34
Which of the following is an example of a
ratio
scale of measurement?
A list of favorite ice cream flavors (vanilla, chocolate, strawberry)
Temperature measured in Fahrenheit
Time taken to complete a task, measured in seconds
A pain rating scale from 1 to 10
35
Central tendency=
Typical value for a probability distribution
Focusing on the bigger number
When the distribution is shifted left or right
36
A functional relationship is....
Interpreting the results
A change in the DV that occurs w/ systematic & sequenced intro of the IV
Proving causation
Probability and statistics
37
What is great about single subject designs?
Nothing
You get do check everything yourself
No data needed
You don't have to do it yourself
38
To consider multiple possible answers, we must formulate a hypothesis
True
False
39
When researchers discuss the strength of a relationship, they aretalking about
The significance test (p<.05)
The range from -1 to 1 in a correlation
The level of evidence
The validity of the experiment
40
Type 2 error:
.20
p<.05 or p<.01
.30
p<.05 or p>.01
41
Each class got a different essay question. Davis determines the average of each class on the essay question and compares
Test-retest reliability
Interrater reliability
Intrarater reliability
Parallel forms reliability
