Prosopagnosia is characterized by:

An inability to recognize faces, even familiar ones.

When a neuron responds differently to light depending on if it's in the center or the outer portion:

Center-surround receptive field.

The axon terminal of a neuron:

Stores and releases neurotransmitters to communicate with other cells.

When diagnosed with glaucoma, which aspect of your eye's health is primarily affected?

The pressure of fluids in the eye chambers.

The method of adjustment:

Where stimulus is adjusted until it is imperceptible, gauging threshold

Weber's Law states that:

The JND between two stimuli is equal to the magnitude of the change.

The distal stimulus refers to:

Environmental stimuli available to the observer, like the visual scene.

Phenomenology studies:

Conscious experience and the structure of subjective experience.

Inhibitory transmitters:

Hyperpolarize the synaptic membrane.

When distinguishing colors in a brightly lit room, which retinal cells are primarily used?

Cones, especially in the fovea.

When adjusting to bright beach sunlight, your eye's photopigments:

Change shape after absorbing light.

The resting potential of a neuron is:

The membrane potential when the neuron is not stimulated.

Single-cell recording is used to:

Measure the electrical activity of a single neuron.

Specificity coding in neural processing suggests:

Specialized neurons respond exclusively to a specific stimulus.

Psychophysics studies:

The link between physical stimuli and perceived sensations.

The method of limits in psychophysics:

Presenting stimuli in ascending/descending order until perception changes.

Perception refers to:

Sensory receptors detect and encode environmental energy., The interpretation of environmental information by the brain.

Depolarization in a neuron occurs when:

Positively charged ions enter the neuron, reducing membrane potential.

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Exam 1 Review

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1
When quickly glancing towards a sudden movement outside the primary field of view, the brain structure involved is the:
Superior Colliculus (SC).
Thalamus.
C. LGN.
Visual Cortex.
2
The key step to sharper vision, color definition, and enhanced edge detection is:
Spatial summation.
Lateral inhibition.
Transduction process.
Convergence mechanism.
3
When watching a movie, neurons in the visual cortex responding to moving objects REGARDLESS OF EXACT LOCATION, are:
Complex cells.
Bipolar cells.
Feature detectors.
Simple cells.
4
Prosopagnosia is characterized by:
An inability to recognize faces, even familiar ones.
An inability to recognize and interpret sensory information.
Difficulty in performing voluntary movements or actions.
Impaired color vision due to brain injury.
5
When a neuron responds differently to light depending on if it's in the center or the outer portion:
Neural convergence of photoreceptors.
A Purkinje Shift effect.
Center-surround receptive field.
Lateral inhibition in the photoreceptors
6
When smelling a rose, the perception of smell depends on:
The type of scent molecules.
Which neurons are activated.
Population Coding.
The intensity of the rose's scent.
7
A person with decreasing peripheral vision, creating tunnel-like sight, likely has:
Cataracts.
Presbyopia.
Retinitis pigmentosa.
Myopia.
8
The "what" pathway?
Dorsal.
Ventral.
Lateral.
Anterior.
9
The Neuron Doctrine, proposing that perception relies on specialized neuron activity, was PROPOSED by:
Johannes Müller
Charles Sherrington
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Hermann von Helmholtz
10
If you are having difficulty focusing on objects at varying distances, what is likely weakening?
The lens density.
The ciliary muscles.
The extraocular muscles.
The zonule fibers.
11
In bright sunlight, the muscle that reduces the amount of light entering is the:
Pupil.
Ciliary.
Iris.
Lens.
12
Someone who cannot recognize faces, even of close friends, likely suffers from:
Prosopagnosia.
Macular degeneration.
Agnosia.
Hyperopia.
13
The axon terminal of a neuron:
Stores and releases neurotransmitters to communicate with other cells.
Generates action potentials.
Maintains the resting potential.
Receives neurotransmitters.
14
The process enabling you to see light as visual images is:
Lateral inhibition.
Transduction.
Dark adaptation.
Neural convergence.
15
If your vision is blurry at all distances, a likely cause could be:
An astigmatism.
Cataracts.
Macular degeneration.
Retinitis pigmentosa.
16
When diagnosed with glaucoma, which aspect of your eye's health is primarily affected?
The distance to which objects are clear.
The sharpness of vision.
The pressure of fluids in the eye chambers.
The color perception ability.
17
The method of adjustment:
Where stimulus is adjusted until it is imperceptible, gauging threshold
Presents stimuli in ascending or descending order until perception changes
Presenting stimuli of different intensities to find the detection threshold
Measures the response bias in signal detection tasks
18
While stargazing, your increased sensitivity to blue stars specifically is due to the:
Horizontal cells controlling color perception.
Spatial summation.
Purkinje Shift (Purr-kin-jee).
Rod inability to detect color.
19
When an LED light changes colors, the primary cells that relay this information from the photoreceptors are:
Ganglion cells.
Horizontal cells.
Bipolar cells.
Amacrine cells.
20
After entering the optic nerve, what part of the brain does the majority of the neural signal reach first?
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus.
V1.
Hypothalamus.
Superior Colliculus.
21
Weber's Law states that:
The JND between two stimuli is equal to the magnitude of the change.
The absolute threshold is a constant proportion of the stimulus.
Sensory perception is a logarithmic function of stimulus intensity.
Discriminability is constant across different stimulus intensities.
22
Finding Waldo in a crowded scene is a:
Hit.
Perception.
Alarm.
Code.
23
Detecting a faint light in a dark room:
Spatial summation.
Convergence property.
Cones.
Rods.
24
The "Where/how" pathway is the:
Dorsal pathway.
Focal pathway.
Ventral pathway.
Visual pathway.
25
Where is a visual signal sent after reaching the LGN?
V1.
Receptive Field.
Optic Chiasm.
Superior Colliculus.
26
The distal stimulus refers to:
The neural processing of sensory information.
The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection.
The representation of an environmental stimulus on the receptors.
Environmental stimuli available to the observer, like the visual scene.
27
When watching a movie, noticing all the actors in the scene have brown hair is an example of:
Neural coding.
Specific coding.
Population coding.
Sparse coding.
28
If a child struggles to read a book but sees the blackboard clearly, they might have:
Astigmatism.
Cataracts.
Hyperopia.
Myopia.
29
Realizing the guy dressed as Waldo isn't Waldo is a:
Hit.
False alarm.
Correct rejection.
Miss.
30
Phenomenology studies:
The transformation of environmental stimuli into neural signals.
The relationship between physical stimuli and sensory perception.
The specific sensations conveyed by different nerves.
Conscious experience and the structure of subjective experience.
31
Inhibitory transmitters:
Excite the synaptic neuron.
Increase the likelihood of an action potential.
Depolarize the synaptic membrane.
Hyperpolarize the synaptic membrane.
32
When distinguishing colors in a brightly lit room, which retinal cells are primarily used?
Ganglion cells.
Rods in the peripheral retina.
Cones, especially in the fovea.
Bipolar cells in the inner retina.
33
Area V4 is dedicated to:
Angles/shapes
Color/line detection
Facial detection
Peripheral Vision
34
Recognizing the ENDING POINT of a MOVING object - such as a car stopping at a traffic light - uses which neuron?
Horizontal cells.
Simple cells.
Hypercomplex cells.
Complex cells.
35
The lateral occipital and IT cortex are responsible for:
Complex shapes.
Color contrast.
Facial detection.
Object orientation.
36
When adjusting to bright beach sunlight, your eye's photopigments:
Converge on the LGN.
Change shape after absorbing light.
Shift focus from distant to near objects.
Send inhibitory signals to reduce light sensitivity.
37
Retinal cells that integrate MULTIPLE signals before converging them at the RGC are known as:
Bipolar cells.
Photoreceptors.
Amacrine cells.
Horizontal cells.
38
An individual’s inability to recognize objects despite having functional vision is a case of:
Myopia.
Prosopagnosia.
Agnosia.
Presbyopia.
39
The resting potential of a neuron is:
The maximum potential reached during depolarization.
The threshold potential required to trigger an action potential.
The potential during the refractory period
The membrane potential when the neuron is not stimulated.
40
Single-cell recording is used to:
Determine the strength of synaptic connections.
Measure the electrical activity of a single neuron.
Record the collective activity of a neuron population.
Measure the overall activity of the brain.
41
Neurons in the visual cortex responding to specific orientations REGARDLESS of position are:
Complex cells.
Ganglion cells.
Simple Cells.
Bipolar cells.
42
Specificity coding in neural processing suggests:
Neurons respond to a wide range of stimuli.
Specialized neurons respond exclusively to a specific stimulus.
A large population of neurons represents each experience.
Neurons use a sparse coding strategy for efficiency.
43
If a person's eye is not getting enough oxygen, which part responsible for supplying nutrients might be affected?
The lens.
The choroid.
The cornea.
The sclera.
44
Psychophysics studies:
The psychological effects of physical exercise.
The cognitive processes underlying perception and sensation.
The link between physical stimuli and perceived sensations.
The structure of psychological phenomena.
45
The method of limits in psychophysics:
Presenting stimuli in ascending/descending order until perception changes.
Adjusting stimulus intensity until it is no longer perceived.
Determines the participant's response bias.
Measures the ability to discriminate between foreground and background.
46
Perception refers to:
Sensory receptors detect and encode environmental energy.
The psychological response to environmental stimuli.
The interpretation of environmental information by the brain.
The memory of environmental events.
47
The Neuron Doctrine, proposing that perception relies on specialized neuron activity, was 'REFINED' by:
Johannes Müller
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Charles Sherrington
Hermann von Helmholtz
48
In a dark room, what structure expands to let in more light for better vision?
The pupil.
The lens.
The cornea.
The fovea.
49
How many rods are there and at what range are they most sensitive?
6 million/500nm.
120 million/500nm.
120 million/560nm.
6 million/560nm.
50
On-center receptive fields:
Happen in optic chiasm.
Happen in SC.
Happens in RGC.
Happen in LGN.
51
Depolarization in a neuron occurs when:
The neuron is in its resting state.
Positively charged ions enter the neuron, reducing membrane potential.
The neuron is in the refractory period.
Negatively charged ions exit the neuron, increasing membrane potential.
52
When watching Dr. J lecture, the brain structure responding to her mouth movements and where she is looking is the:
Superior colliculus.
Amygdala.
Superior temporal sulcus (STS).
Frontal cortex.
53
During nerve signal transmission, ion channels in the membrane:
Store ions for future use.
Connect neurons.
Regulate membrane potential and excitability.
Release neurotransmitters.
54
Switching focus from a distant mountain to a book in your hand involves:
Accommodation.
Adaptation.
Refraction adjustment.
Lateral inhibition.
55
The scientist proposing perception depends on neuron type is:
Charles Sherrington.
Santiago Ramón y Cajal.
Gustav Fechner.
Johannes Müller.
56
In the retina, multiple neurons sending signals to a single one is an example of:
Feature detection.
Convergence.
Spatial summation.
Lateral inhibition.
57
Population coding in neuroscience refers to:
The principle that specific neurons respond to specific stimuli.
The firing of a single neuron representing a specific stimulus.
The use of a small number of neurons to represent a stimulus.
The firing patterns of a large group of neurons to encode information.
58
When flicking a light switch on/off, your eyes undergo the process of:
Neural convergence.
Refractive correction.
Adaptation.
Accommodation
59
Mistaking the guy that's dressed like Waldo but isn't Waldo is a:
Miss.
Correct rejection.
False alarm.
Hit.
60
Depolarization in a neuron occurs when:
Negatively charged ions exit the neuron.
The neuron is in the refractory period.
The neuron is in its resting state.
Positively charged ions enter the neuron.
61
The enhanced contrast of edges in a black-and-white photo is partly due to:
The Purkinje Shift in vision.
Neural convergence in the retina.
Lateral inhibition by horizontal cells.
Center-surround receptive fields.
62
When you put on glasses, which part of your eye INITIALLY focuses the corrected light?
The lens.
The cornea.
The fovea.
The pupil.
63
An action potential in a neuron is:
A stable membrane potential.
The resting state of a neuron.
A rapid change in membrane potential, essential for signal transmission.
The release of neurotransmitters.
64
Gestalt Psychology emphasizes:
The organization of visual stimuli into meaningful wholes.
The specific sensations conveyed by different nerves.
The processing of information like a computer.
The relationship between brain function and behavior.
65
Off-center receptive fields:
Inhibit light transduction.
Inhibit C.
Inhibit on-center RF's.
Inhibit D'.
66
How many cones are there and at what range are they most sensitive?
120 million/560nm.
6 million/560nm.
120 million/500nm.
6 million/500nm.
67
In a neuron's axon terminal, the pouches holding neurotransmitters are:
Synaptic vesicles.
Axon fibers.
Ion channels.
Dendrites.
68
A neuron in the visual cortex firing most strongly to vertical lines is exhibiting:
Preferred orientation.
Lateral inhibition.
Light adaptation.
A center-surround receptive field.
69
Psychoneurology studies:
The theory that perception depends on which specific neurons are activated.
Signal detection.
The interaction between the nervous system and cognitive functioning.
How the JND is a constant proportion of the original stimulus.
70
The Law of Specific Nerve Energies was proposed by:
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Charles Sherrington
David Hubel
Johannes Müller
71
Agnosia is
The ability to process information like a computer.
A theory about different nerves conveying specific sensations.
The inability to recognize and identify objects or people.
The study of conscious experience.
72
Recognizing a specific bird’s song among many birds singing is an example of:
Specificity coding.
Lateral inhibition.
Sparse coding.
Population coding.
73
Ion channels in the neuronal membrane:
Release neurotransmitters
Generate action potentials
Allow specific ions to pass, regulating membrane potential and excitability
Receive signals from other neurons
74
Failing to find Waldo in a crowded scene is a:
Correct rejection.
False alarm.
Hit.
Miss.
75
If your vision is weak due to a lack of oxygen within the eye, what is likely struggling?
The retina.
The choroid.
The sclera.
The lens.
76
Recognizing the shape and color of a stop sign involves signals sent to the brain by:
Photoreceptors.
Bipolar cells.
Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs).
Horizontal cells.
77
Gustav Fechner is known for:
Developing the trichromatic theory of color vision.
Founding cognitive psychology.
His work in the field of neuropsychology.
His contributions to psychophysics, particularly the concept of JND.
78
The Principle of Transformation in perception illustrates:
The inability to recognize objects or people.
The processing of information by the brain like a computer.
Transformation of stimuli into perceptual responses
The organization of visual stimuli into meaningful wholes.
79
If you can read a book clearly but struggle to see a road sign far away, you likely have:
Presbyopia.
Astigmatism.
Myopia.
Hyperopia.
80
When watching a complex movie scene, your brain's interpretation involves:
Population Coding, using many neurons' firing patterns.
Sparse Coding for detailed analysis.
Gestalt psychology.
Specificity Coding for individual elements.
81
Signal Detection Theory quantifies:
The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection.
How changes in stimulus intensity relate to perceived intensity.
The physiological mechanisms of the senses.
Ability to discern between relevant patterns and random patterns.
82
The proximal stimulus is:
The physical environmental stimulus.
The representation of distant stimuli on sensory receptors.
The minimum amount of energy needed to detect a stimulus.
The neural signal resulting from sensory processing.
83
In a painting, the blending of colors is processed in part by retinal cells called:
Amacrine cells.
Grandmother cells.
Photoreceptors.
Horizontal cells.
84
In low light, the combined signals from multiple photoreceptors to a single cell is:
Accommodation.
Lateral Inhibition.
Neural Convergence.
Photoisomerization.
85
The leading cause of severe visual loss in the US is:
Glaucoma.
Macular degeneration.
Cataracts.
Astigmatism.
86
An older adult needing reading glasses for close work is likely experiencing:
Retinitis pigmentosa.
Myopia.
Hyperopia.
Presbyopia.
87
The Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies states that:
Different nerves convey specific sensations to the brain
All nerves in the body can transmit any type of sensation
The magnitude of a sensation is directly proportional to stimulus intensity
Sensory nerves transform environmental stimuli into neural signals
88
When light enters your eye, the part converting it into neural signals is the:
Lens.
Iris.
Retina.
Cornea.
89
When a small portion of the fovea is represented by a large area in the visual cortex, its:
Visual transduction.
Neural Magnification.
Cortical Magnification.
Cortical Convergence.
90
Interpreting an abstract painting based on past art knowledge involves:
Top-Down Processing.
Bottom-Up Processing.
Sparse Coding.
Population Coding.
91
When seeing your best friend's face, which structure is PRIMARILY engaged?
Fusiform Face Area.
Occiptal Face Area.
Superior temporal sulcus.
Lateral occipital cortex.
92
Excitatory transmitters:
Depolarize the synaptic membrane.
D. Reduce the firing rate of neurons.
Hyperpolarize the synaptic membrane.
C. Block the release of other neurotransmitters.
93
When a small object disappears from your view as you look straight ahead, it is most likely due to:
A defect in your cornea.
A problem with the lens.
The location of the optic disk.
A glitch in the matrix.
94
Representation vs Recognition
Storing vs Recognizing.
Recognizing vs Storing.
95
In low light, the part of your eye that helps you see is predominantly the:
Rods distributed in the periphery of the retina.
Iris adjusting the light entry.
Lens focusing the light.
Cones concentrated in the fovea.
96
When first learning to play an instrument, the initial learning of the different notes is an example of:
Specificity Coding for each key.
Sparse Coding of musical notes.
Top-Down Processing.
Bottom-Up Processing.
97
Membrane potential in a neuron is:
The rate at which the neuron fires action potentials.
The electrical charge difference across the neuronal membrane.
The potential during the refractory period.
The potential at which neurotransmitters are released.
98
Neurons responding selectively to vertical lines but NOT horizontal ones are likely:
Complex cells.
Ganglion cells.
Amacrine cells.
Simple cells.
99
Sparse coding in neural representation means:
A specific stimulus is represented by the firing of a group of neurons.
The strength of a stimulus is encoded by the firing rate of neurons.
Each neuron responds to a wide range of stimuli.
A large population of neurons is involved in representing every stimulus.

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