Duplicate of exam 3 pt 2

vary in human population/ scientist know % of variation for specific STR/ 1 repeat- GATC 2-GATCGATC

circular piece of bacterial DNA that exists and replicates separately from the bacterial chromosome

tobacco plants produce human proteins (blood)/ goats produce human blood clotting proteins in their milk

found in nonembryonic tissue, newborn umbilical cord, children teeth, bone marrow, blood vessels, muscle, brain, liver

vitamin A deficiency is found in what % of worlds children

delete pest attracting genes in plants, to decrease pesticide use

a sequence of DNA that encodes protein

acts as a DNA polymerase ( uses primer (short DNA) at beginning of copied region

mutation does not change the function of the protein/ same amino acid results from the codon

requirements for _ mRNA, amino acids, energy, ribosomes, transfer RNA

the 13 DNA sequence carried by all humans/ adjacent repeat of short DNA, more efficient DNA (13 over 300 billion)

CRISPR currently produces tumor cells for lab tests/ efficacy of cancer treatment/ removal of HIV from human cells

is recombinant bovine growth hormone coded by a specific BGH gene

peptide bonds form between the amino acids of two adjacent tRNA codons/ stop codon has no matching tRNA/ released

subconscious framework affecting our feelings and based on our physical observations

what step is this for cloning insert the BGH gene into the bacterial plasmid

bacteria removed genes from invading virus

missing enzyme leads to buildup of waste products that destroy myelin in the brain/ affected boys rarely live after 10

what are the bases with complementary bonding for DNA

what step is this for cloning insert the recombinant plasmid into a bacterial cell

more muscle mass/leaner meat, pig organs suitable for human transplant, lessen malaria causing gene in mosquito

one factor (gene/environment) is naturally removed without researcher intervention/ limits overlap/ uses twins sometimes

is skin color determined by at least 3 genes/melanin production and distribution, and is affected temporarily by outside

changes in genetic sequence/ may affect order of amino acids in a protein

formed by incorporating genes from one species into the genome of another species

are identical twins human clones of each other/ embryo subdivides into 2 separate embryos in early development

by how much can genetic engineering increase beta-carotene in one generation

process to amplify (create many copies of) the DNA sequence

highly specific molecular scissors to cut DNA specific sequences

Genetically mutated crops may transfer genes to wild relative (rain, wind, birds, bees)/ may interbreed with nearby farm

guide finds DNA sequence for editing, molecular scissor enzyme snips out unwanted dna and replaces with right sequence

what is protein synthesis similar to

carry other fish genes to grow larger, and faster than normal/ fertilized eggs are injected with growth gene

Taq polymerase build new dna, add nucleotides from test tube, use separate strand as template,cools and heat more DNA

occurs outside of the nucleus (at ribosomes)

range of difference phenotypes produced in a population with traits controlled by many genes

polymer of nucleotides/ double stranded

polymer of nucleotides/single stranded/nucleotide subunit

directly altering, deleting or replacing a DNA sequence in an organism

embryo develops cells become more specialized, specialized non stem cells only make copies of those cell types

DNA coated pellets are shot into a plant cell/ some genes will be incorporated into the plant

CRISPR increases shelf life, adds nutrients and fiber in plants

all organisms decode the same gene to produce the same protein (UUU codes for phenylalanine and nothing else)

what did recombinant bovine growth hormone cause in cows

has adult stem cell research progressed due to locations in variety of tissues

how many autosomes (nonsex chromosomes) do we have

controlling the amount of proteins produced

mutations can cause no change in protein, nonfunctional protein or different protein

how many pairs of sex chromosomes do we have

who are carriers of x linked recessive traits

eggs harvested/ eggs mixed with sperm/ embryos implanted into uterus/ then stored for future attempts

"born that way"

clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats

beta-carotene is essential for vitamin A synthesis

carries amino acids and matches complementary anticodon with codons on mRNA

1. ribosome attaches to mRNA at promoter region/ 2. ribosome facilitates the docking of tRNA anticodons to mRNA condons

replacement of defective genes with functional genes

what steps does the glow of genetic information occur (order matters)

a family tree showing trait inheritance through several generations/ scientist analyze mating

a study of changes in phenotypes caused by changes in gene expression rather than changes in DNA sequence

who determines the sex of the child

is it true that the frequency of alleles in populations have changed over time/ genes are not moving between organisms

gene transferred to bacteria for ideal growth condition in labs (factories for rBGH)

after what step is the GBH now referred to as recombinant GBH, or RGBH

precisely controls gene expression

CRISPR could one day edit mutant genes (blood clotting disorder, hemophilia)

process of gel electrophoresis/copies STR added to agarose gel/electricity is applied/ small fragments move thru gel

does criminal behavior have a genetic component

what formation is translation

addition or deletion of a base / changes the reading frame/ usually results in a stop codon

does her ability tell us about individual differences

size based separation of DNA fragments using electric current

the highest point on the curve; the average ( calculated by adding and dividing by number of values present)

is it true eyewitness testimonies are based on eye color, skin color, and height

cells only found in small numbers in specific tissue/only divide a limited number of times/difficult to establish

a calculated heritability value is unique to the measured population and to the environment of that population

simple substitution of one base for another

process to amplify (create) many copies of the DNA sequence

is it true females are less likely to express X linkage unless they have 2 defective X chromosomes

transcription and translation occur at the same time and place

"raised that way"

each body cell (except sperm and eggs) have the same DNA

is it true that processed goods contain genetically modificed products

spatially separated transcription (in nucleus) and translation (outside of nucleus)

influenced by more than one gene ( eye and skin color)

does implicit bias affect our judgements about people ( stereotypes)

develop from one zygote (1 in 285 pregnancies)

equipment used to insert genes into plants

how many nucleotides doe codons and anticodons have

does high hereditability of a trait tell us that differences are entirely due to genetic differences

staggered patterns of unpaird bases left by restriction enzyme cuts

help maintain tissues and replace damaged or diseased cells

makes many copies of the same gene

MRNA steps =RNA polymerase binds to the promoter/ unzips DNA and ties RNA nucleotides with complementary DNA nucleotides

discarded/ donated to other infertile couples/ allowed for us in stem cell research

allows a specific codon to code for a specific amino acid

production of GMOs that produce drugs to treat or prevent disease

during each cycle of polymerase chain reaction the amount of DNA doubles

located on the X chromosome

increased shelf life, plants ripen more slowly, better taste, and appeal, increased crops, less chemicals/ less toxic

the amount of variation for a trait in a population that can be explained by differences in genes among individuals

blends pharmaceutical and farming

multiple codons code for the same amino acid (ACU, ACC, ACA and ACG) all code for the amino acid threonine

have mammals already been cloned (sheep, cattle, pigs, goats)

gene editing could help cure or prevent disease (muscular dystrophy/cystic fibrosis)

who has more red-green blindness (can't differentiate between red and green)

ethics using animals for these processes/ possible spread of modified plant or animals genes via unregulated production

technique using differences in DNA sequence to positively identify individuals ( DNA fingerprinting)

automated machine cycles test tubes through periods of heating/cooling (breaks hydrogen bonds of double helix 2 new dna

can early stem cells become any type of cell

made by attaching one amino acid at a time

faster/more effective/less cumbersome process/precise modification of crop plants and animals deletes mutation/adds gene

small amount of variability/ individual look relatively the same for that trait (less useful for witness testimony)

making an exact copy of an entire organism

did Dr. Randy Jirtle of Duke university begin epigenetics

is it true eye color is determined by 2 to 15 different genes and is affected by melanin production and distribution

64 (4) 3 possible combos/ 61 codons code for amino acids/ 3 others are stop codons/ which ends protein synthesis

shorter nonfunctional protein produced is a

what step is this for cloning remove gene from cow chromo

fertility procedures

selective breeding using desired traits chosen by humans

what are the bases with complementary bonding for RNA

occurs in the nucleus/ forms MRNA/

cells express different genes based on their functions

eat less good but grow twice as fast, growin in isolation, reduce transportation cost, prevents interbreeding of fish

process used for cloning where an adult cell nucleus is fused with an egg cell (used on animals) ethical concern 4 human

ribosomes are composed of what

some traits due to genes on the sex chromosomes

unspecialized, undifferentiated precursor cells with an undetermined function

a large molecule composed of amino acids

does vitamin A deficiency cause (compromised immune systems/ childhood blindness)

the width of the bell; the variability; average distance individual is from the mean

involves the actions of many genes also interacting with the environment

genetically engineered; a gene removed from its original genome has been added to another

fixes or replaced the defective protein only in affected cells

does implicit bias develop a brain shortcut through lifetime exposure ( direct and indirect associations)

replace organs damaged/replace organs failing due to degenerative disease/replace damaged tissues (therapeutic cloning)

what formation is transcription

engineered salmon mating with wild populations, increased competition, disrupted good web

who is more likely to be affected by recessive alleles on the X chromosome

special heat-tolerant enzyme

the process of using instructions carried by genes to build proteins

develop when two separate eggs fuse with different sperms ( 1 in 80 pregnancies)

large amount of variability/ individuals look different/ focusing on uncommon characteristic can mess up eyewitness