Which of the following beliefs would most likely be held by an individual in a collectivist culture?

Children should be encouraged to develop harmonious relationships.

What must a researcher do to fulfill the ethical principle of informed consent?

Allow participants to choose whether to take part.

The presence or absence of cookies

Researchers have learned that those with lower income levels report having fewer hours of total sleep. Therefore...

...income and sleep levels are positively correlated.

Which of the following is a positive correlation?

As study time decreases, students achieve lower grades.

Which of the following is NOT an ethical principle regarding research on humans?

Participants should always be informed of the hypothesis before participate

The purpose of random assignment is to...

reduce potential confounding variables

A journalism student writing about her school's new cell-phone policy. Which best provides a random sample of students?

She pulls 5 names from a hat. She interviews them.

Which of the following is an example of hindsight bias?

After turning the card over, Marcy tells herself she knew the answer.

Which of the following questions is best investigated by means of a survey?

What is the best study technique for AP tests?

Which of the following is most important when conducting survey research?

Choosing a representative sample

Which of the following demonstrates the need for psychological science?

Our intuitions about human thinking and behavior are not always accurate.

A researcher finds 5% results are due to chance. Which of the following is an accurate interpretation of this finding?

This is the minimum result typically considered statistically significant.

Which of the following is a potential problem with case studies?

They may be misleading because they don't fairly represent other cases

There is a negative correlation between TV watching and grades. What can we conclude from this research finding?

A student who watches more TV is likely to have lower grades

Descriptive statistics __________, while inferential statistics __________.

summarize data; determine if data can be generalized to other populations

Researchers studying gender have found that...

there are more similarities than differences between the genders

Which of the following represents naturalistic observation?

Researchers record elementary school children interacting on playground

While taking a test, your last 4 answers have been C. Which is true about the probability of the next answer being "c"?

It is unaffected. It is as likely to be "c" as any other answer.

Why is random assignment of participants to groups an important aspect of a properly designed experiment?

If they are randomly assigned, the researcher can assume groups are similar

Which of the following is an example of negative correlation?

People who spend more time exercising tend to weigh less.

Why is an operational definition necessary when reporting research findings?

Allows others to replicate the procedure

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AP Psych Unit II Review

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Questions 41

Answers

1
When a distribution of scores is skewed, which of the following is the most representative measure of central tendency?
Median
Standard Deviation
Inference
Mean
2
A woman can recall events and weather on any given date; Questionnaires, brain scans, and memory tests are conducted.
Case Study
Naturalistic Observation
Interview
Survey
3
3-year-olds are observed at a preschool on how long each gender play with dolls. The two sets of numbers are compared.
Naturalistic Observation
National Study
Case Study
Random Sample Method
4
Which of the following beliefs would most likely be held by an individual in a collectivist culture?
Children should be encouraged to focus on personal goals and aspirations.
It is important to be competitive & assertive in order to get ahead of life
Children should be encouraged to develop harmonious relationships.
If you want something done well, you should do it yourself
5
A testable prediction that drives research is known as a(n)?
Guess
Theory
Hypothesis
Operational Definition
6
What must a researcher do to fulfill the ethical principle of informed consent?
Protect participants from potential harm.
Provide participants with a pre-experimental explanation of the study
Allow participants to choose whether to take part.
Keep information about participants confidential.
7
(See Image)
The period of the day that the two classes met
The students in the class that didn't receive cookies
The students in the class that received cookies
The presence or absence of cookies
8
Researchers have learned that those with lower income levels report having fewer hours of total sleep. Therefore...
...income and sleep levels are positively correlated.
...income and sleep levels a re negatively correlated.
...income and sleep levels are inversely correlated.
...income and sleep levels are not correlated.
9
Investigating whether winning candidates show more positive expressions than losers; positive expressions are recorded.
Case Study
Naturalistic Observation
Survey
Random Sample
10
Which of the following is a positive correlation?
Gas mileage decreases as vehicle weight increases.
As study time decreases, students achieve lower grades.
People who exercise regularly are less likely to be obese.
As levels of self-esteem decline, levels of depression increase.
11
Which of the following is NOT an ethical principle regarding research on humans?
Participants should always be informed of the hypothesis before participate
Participants must take part in the study on a voluntary basis
Research studies must be explained when the study is completed
Personal info about individual participants must be kept confidential
12
The purpose of random assignment is to...
allow participants in both groups to be exposed to the independent variable
generate operational definitions for the independent & dependent variables
eliminate the placebo effect
reduce potential confounding variables
13
A journalism student writing about her school's new cell-phone policy. Which best provides a random sample of students?
She distributes a survey to her AP Psychology class.
She interviews the first five students that entered the building.
She interviews 10 students that have had their phones confiscated.
She pulls 5 names from a hat. She interviews them.
14
Which of the following is an example of hindsight bias?
Liza underestimates the time it will take to write her college essays
Experts predicting events with 80% confidence were correct 40% of the time
After turning the card over, Marcy tells herself she knew the answer.
Tom is certain that electric cars will represent 80% of cars in 20 years
15
After a student council election, a friend tells you he knew for weeks who would be elected. What does this illustrate?
Hindsight Bias
Critical Thinking
Skepticism
Overconfidence
16
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables?
-.85
+1.3
+.75
+.30
17
Which descriptive statistic would describe how close a student's SAT score is to a school's average SAT score?
Median
Correlation Coefficient
Mean
Standard Deviation
18
The tendency to believe they knew how the game would turn out is best explained by which psychological principle?
Illusory Correlation
Intuition
Hindsight Bias
Overconfidence
19
Which of the following questions is best investigated by means of a survey?
Does extra sleep improve memory?
What is the best study technique for AP tests?
Are violent criminals genetically different from nonviolent criminals?
Is IQ related to grades?
20
Which of the following is most important when conducting survey research?
Choosing a biased sample
Choosing a representative sample
Choosing a large sample
Choosing a sample that includes every member of the population
21
Which of the following demonstrates the need for psychological science?
Psychological experiments are less valuable without psychological science.
Intuition is superior to that of other sciences like biology and physics.
Our intuitions about human thinking and behavior are not always accurate.
Psychology's methods are unlike those of any other science.
22
Which method should be used to determine whether a reward in a classroom situation causes students to behave better?
Survey
Naturalistic Observation
Experiment
Case Study
23
Which ethical principle requires that at the end of the study participants be told about the true purpose of research?
Informed Consent
Debriefing
Institutional Review Board approval
Confidentiality
24
Which of the following is used only in correlation studies?
Placebo
Double Blind
Scatterplot
Random Assignment
25
A researcher finds 5% results are due to chance. Which of the following is an accurate interpretation of this finding?
This is well beyond the range of statistical significance.
Statistical significance w/o replication of the study cannot be determined
This is not statistically significant.
This is the minimum result typically considered statistically significant.
26
What do we call the tendency to exaggerate the correctness or accuracy of our beliefs and predictions prior to testing?
Hindsight bias
Critical Thinking
Skepticism
Overconfidence
27
What ethical guidelines safeguard human participants?
The APA ethics code
Safeguards vary based upon the experiment
There are no official safeguards to participants being studied.
28
A scientist's willingness to admit that she is wrong is an example of...
skepticism
humility
curiosity
intelligence
29
In a normal distribution, what % of the scores in the distribution falls within one standard deviation?
34 percent
68 percent
50 percent
40 percent
30
Which of the following is a potential problem with case studies?
The dependent variable is difficult to operationally define in a case study
They are generally too expensive to be economical
They may be misleading because they don't fairly represent other cases
They are difficult & most researchers don't have the skills to do them
31
There is a negative correlation between TV watching and grades. What can we conclude from this research finding?
A student who watches more TV is likely to have lower grades
That the grades students get impact their TV watching habits
That TV watching leads to higher grades
That TV watching leads to lower grades
32
Descriptive statistics __________, while inferential statistics __________.
determine if data can be generalized to other populations; summarize data
are measures of central tendency; are measures of variance
summarize data; determine if data can be generalized to other populations
indicate the significance of the data; summarize the data
33
Researchers studying gender have found that...
there are more similarities than differences between the genders
there are no significant cognitive differences between genders
research tools aren't capable of determining if there are true differences
there are now significant emotional differences between the genders
34
Which of the following represents naturalistic observation?
Principal looks at the relationship b/w the # of absences and their grades
Researchers record elementary school children interacting on playground
Grandparents sit in the front row of their grandson's 1st piano recital
Social worker visits a family home & gives feedback on family interactions
35
Which statistical measure of central tendency is most affected by extreme scores?
Skew
Mode
Median
Mean
36
While taking a test, your last 4 answers have been C. Which is true about the probability of the next answer being "c"?
It is unaffected. It is as likely to be "c" as any other answer.
It is lower. Since answers are distributed randomly, "c" is less common.
You should check your previous answers. Four "c's" in a row is impossible.
It is higher. Once a streak begins, it is likely to last for a while.
37
Which of the following is more likely to be emphasized in individualist cultures than in collective cultures?
Gender Differences
Cooperation with the Group
Shared Goals
Personal Achievement
38
Why is random assignment of participants to groups an important aspect of a properly designed experiment?
If not randomly assigned, it is impossible to replicate the experiment
If they are randomly assigned, the researcher can assume groups are similar
Analysis cant be performed on an experiment if random assignment isnt used
When groups are randomly assigned, results can be distorted
39
Which of the following is an example of negative correlation?
Teenage females tend to have fewer speeding tickets than teenage males.
As hours studying for a test decrease, so do grades on that test.
Students with low IQ scores tend to have lower grades.
People who spend more time exercising tend to weigh less.
40
Which of the following is a measure of variation?
Mode
Mean
Frequency
Range
41
Why is an operational definition necessary when reporting research findings?
Easier to translate into multiple languages than a dictionary definition
Allows others to replicate the procedure
Uses more scientific language than a dictionary definition
Provides more context and includes many examples of the concept described

AP Psych Unit II Review Flashcards | StudBud