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Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
Flashcards
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Questions
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Answers
1
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
closure
similiarity
constancy
symmetry
2
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
after autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
3
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
industry vs. inferiority
initiative vs. guilt
4
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
retrieved
modeled
ablated
encoded
5
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
cocaine
heroin
mescaline
marijuana
6
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
psychoanalytic
humanistic
behavioral
cognitive
7
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use a holistic decision model
are using the availability heuristic
are using the representativeness heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
8
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
iris
vitreous humor
lens
cornea
9
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
fill-feed
boat-goat
car-nose
tree-bird
10
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
saturation
color
light purity
brightness
11
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become aggressive
remain in continuous wakefulness
remain in continuous sleep
become fearful/cautious
12
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were put into a simulated prison
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
13
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
social loafing
deindividuation
group polarization
conformity
14
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
extinction
spontaneous remission
unconditioning
conditioned forgetting
15
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
16
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
narcolepsy
sleep apnea
17
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
superstitious behavior
classical conditioning
observational learning
positive reinforcement
18
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; standardized
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; personality
personality; standardized
19
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
genetic influences on IQ
changes in testing procedures
group differences in basic intelligence
a variety of environmental factors
20
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
centration
egocentrism
reversibility
conservation
21
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
concrete
conventional
postconventional
preconventional
22
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
observational learning
punishment
23
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
thalamus
cortex
spinal cord
location of injury
24
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
strange situation
secure-avoidant
attachment probing
shared inhibition
25
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
26
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
agonists
antagonists
action potentials
neurotransmitters
27
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retroactive interference
pseudoforgetting
retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
28
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
perception
hypnosis
consciousness
sensation
29
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
genital
latency
anal
oral
30
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
resistance to pain
hallucinations
reduction of inhibitions
total loss of personal control
31
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a delusion
a phobia
a compulsion
an obsession
32
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Broca's area
Cannon's area
Sperry's area
Wernicke's area
33
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
procedural
crystallized
fluid
episodic
34
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
IQ
a percentile score
mental age
a potential score
35
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recognition
recall
reiteration
relearning
36
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
bipolar disorder
anxiety disorders
marital problems
schizophrenia
37
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
tumor ligation
ESB
stereotaxic inversion
lesioning
38
What is somnambulism?
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-talking
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-walking
39
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
displacement
fixation
compensation
regression
40
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
sing a song
print letters
41
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
means
percentiles
correlation coefficients
standard deviation
42
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
psychological tests
questionnaires
physiological recordings
direct observation
43
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring dissent from group members
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
44
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
subliminal threshold
sensory memory
just noticeable difference
absolute threshold
45
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
halo effect in aggression
basis for performing pro-social behavior
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
46
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
anxiety
mood
schizophrenic
personality
47
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
functionalism
attributionism
individualism
collectivism
48
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an achievement test
an intelligence test
an aptitude test
a personality test
49
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
sensation
attention
processing
perception
50
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
dissociative
bipolar
cyclical
unipolar
51
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
efferent nerves
afferent nerves
autonomic nerves
sympathetic nerves
52
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
phonemes
syntax
morphemes
linguistic heuristics
53
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
standardized validity
content validity
predictive validity
criterion-related validity
54
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rabbit
rat
fear reaction
loud noise
55
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
cookie
give cookie
i wanted a cookie
I eated a cookie
56
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
logical reasoning
physical interaction
abstract operations
systematic hypothesis testing
57
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
display rules
the law of cognitive dissonance
the principle of collectivism
the reciprocity norm
58
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
attributions
self-serving bias
stereotypes
59
What is cognitive dissonance?
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
60
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
the internal state causes the facial expression
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
61
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
introspection
intelligence
cognition
mentalism
62
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
display rules
parental investments
social scripts
investment differentiations
63
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in neuroticism
low in extraversion
high in agreeableness
low in openness
64
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological instability
psychological stability
physiological stability
psychological instability
65
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-approach conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
66
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 2
stage 1
REM
stage 4
67
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
logical-mathemathical
spatial
musical
mechanical
68
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
parietal lobe
thalamus
pineal gland
corpus callosum
69
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
metalinguistic awareness
fast-mapping
overextension
semantic slanting
70
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
conformity
obedience
cognitive dissonance
groupthink
71
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
72
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a developmental psychologist
a social psychologist
a forensic psychologist
a clinical psychologist
73
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thyroid
gonads
thalamus
pituitary
74
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
sedatives
alcohol
narcotics
cannabis
75
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
selection
shaping
stimulus discrimination
step-wise conditioning
76
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the unconscious
behavior
the brain
conscious experience
77
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold information for a lifetime
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
put information into long-term memory
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
78
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
tone
light
salivation
food/meat powder
79
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
acetylcholine
endorphin
dopamine
serotonin
80
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
prefrontal cortex
medulla
occipital cortex
hypothalamus
81
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender behaviors
gender roles
gender differences
gender stereotypes
82
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
feeling is to thinking
behavior is to motive
attitude is to action
thought is to perception
83
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the endocrine system
memory
the autonomic nervous system
feeding
84
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
offense mechanisms
defense mechanisms
id mechanisms
coping mechanisms
85
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
gustatory bulbs
olfactory cilia
smell buds
sciatic receptors
86
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
leftbrain/right brain communication
reticular formation
limbic system
endocrine system
87
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
crowded living conditions
poor police protection
job discrimination experienced by the residents
the personal qualities of the residents
88
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
change
pressure
conflict
frustration
89
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
unrealistic demands from family/friends
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
90
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
escape learning
positive reinforcement
an unconditioned response
avoidance learning
91
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not really been asleep
been dreaming
a headache
not been dreaming
92
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
dyadic encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
attention encoding
the semantic level of encoding
93
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
computerized tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
positron emission tomography
electrographic tomography
94
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial storage
complete retrieval failure
partial retrieval
complete storage failure
95
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
mnemonic
phonemic
morphemic
platonic
96
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
decibels
pitch
timbre
loudness
97
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a narcotic
an amphetamine
a sedative
a hallucinogen
98
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a heuristic observation
a contravened stereotype
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a self-serving attribution
99
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
subliminal perception
a superimposed stimulus
a just noticeable difference
a false alarm
100
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
manipulative behavior
social charm
aggressiveness
excessive guilt
101
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a projective test
a deceptive test
a self-report inventory
a behavior rating
102
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
operant conditioning
latent learning
insight learning
classical conditioning
103
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
intermediate-term
short-term
long-term
sensory
104
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
William James
Rene Decartes
Wilhelm Wundt
G. Stanley Hall
105
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the proximodistal trend
encephalitis
the cephalopedal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
106
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
alpha
gamma
delta
beta
107
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
evolutionary theory
drive theory
incentive theory
instinct theory
108
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scales
test scores
test norms
test levels
109
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
cerebellum
limbic system
brainstem
reticular formation
110
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mean
median
midpoint
mode
111
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the correlational group
the observational group
the control group
the experimental group
112
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the relative threshold period
transduction incapacity
transduction capacity
the absolute refractory period
113
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
happiness
fear
surprise
114
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cultural direction
stereotypes
cognitive structuring
schematizing
115
An antagonist...
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
116
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
temperament
attachment
personality
behavioral quality
117
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
teratogens
pathogens
opiates
prenatals
118
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
formal operations
development of secondary sex characteristics
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
post-conventional moral reasoning
119
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
delusions
illusions
hallucinations
obsessions
120
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus generalization
spontaneous recovery
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus discrimination
121
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
psychotherapy
avoidance therapy
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
122
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a distinctive attribution
an internal attribution
an external attribution
a situational attribution
123
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
repression
neurogenic amnesia
suppression
avoidance
124
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
hearing a sound
smelling an odor
moving a part of his body
seeing a flash of light
125
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
availability heuristic
conjunction heuristic
law of small numbers
representativeness heuristic
126
Anhedonia is when a person...
has trouble getting along with people
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has two different psychological disorders
experiences mild manic states
127
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
operant conditioning
observational learning
reinforcement
classical conditioning
128
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he always gets in fights
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he's just like his father
129
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
insight
reasoning
intelligence
creativity
130
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
irrational thoughts
the unconscious
the conscious
maladaptive behaviors
131
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-up processing
bottom-to-top processing
lateral processing
top-down processing
132
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time alseep
cultural practices
exposure to light
amount of time awake
133
A valid test is one that...
measures what it is supposed to measure
is reliable
has been standardized but not normed
is consistent
134
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
flashbulb memories
non-declarative memories
sensory memories
episodic memories
135
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
cochlea
oval window
temporal lobe
stirrup
136
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the conjunction fallacy
overestimating the improbable
the gambler's fallacy
the confirmation bias
137
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
138
The superego is Freud's term for...
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the conscious aspect of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the moral component of personality
139
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
state-dependent learning
operant conditioning
observational learning
classical conditioning
140
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
sebaceous gland
pancreas
thyroid gland
pituitary gland
141
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
fugue
bipolar disorder
panic disorder
conversion disorder
142
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
semantic network
chunk
script
schema
143
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
cross-sectional
sequential
time of testing
longitundinal
144
A perceptual set implies that...
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
people often see what they expect to see
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
145
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
behaviorism
neodynamism
psychoanalysis
functionalism
146
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
activation-synthesis theory
None of the Above
wish fulfillment theory
problem-solving theory
147
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
construct
absolute
criterion-related
content
148
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
consistency
accuracy of inference
representativeness
predictability
149
Framing refers to...
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting only part of the information required
presenting irrelevant information
150
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
cerebral cortex
medulla
corpus callosum
hypothalamus
