Public Health - Influenza, WNV, EEE, WEE & VEE

Question 1

What are the clinical signs of S-OIVs in swine?

Accepted Answer

Sudden onset of fever, Respiratory signs: cough, High morbidity, low mortality

Question 2

Which of the following characterizes low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI)?

Accepted Answer

Presents as respiratory disease & drop in egg production, Reporting & trade restrictions w/ H5 & H7, If diseased, low morbidity & mild clinical signs, Most birds are asymptomatic carriers

Question 3

VEE is maintained in an enzootic cycle between?

Accepted Answer

Rodents, Culex mosquitoes

Question 4

What is the “bridge vector” for EEE transmission to humans & horses?

Accepted Answer

Aedes sp.

Question 5

On rare occasions, humans become infected w/ S-OIVs. Why?

Accepted Answer

Contact w/infected surfaces, Pigs cough or sneeze & inhalation of droplets occurs, Close/direct contact w/infected pigs

Question 6

Eradication is the goal for countries no endemic w/H5N1. How can this become reality?

Accepted Answer

Depopulation of infected flocks, Biosecurity

Question 7

What are major changes that are abrupt & complex w/ changes producing novel subtypes?

Accepted Answer

Antigenic shift

Question 8

What vaccines are available for AI viruses?

Accepted Answer

Human vaccine, Avian vaccine (need state vet approval)

Question 9

What are the USDA import restrictions for AI viruses?

Accepted Answer

Restrictions on birds & products from HPAI H5N1 endemic countries, Agricultural inspections by DHS CBP to prevent illegal birds & products, Quarantine & test imported live birds

Question 10

What subtype of S-OIV is a novel subtype w/triple re-assortment of genes from avian, human & swine influenza viruses?

Accepted Answer

H3N1

Question 11

What are the disease states of WNV in humans?

Accepted Answer

Most are asymptomatic, Some develop mild symptoms (headache, fever, fatigue), Some develop severe disease (CNS signs), Older people at risk for severe disease & death

Question 12

Why is H5N1 a concern?

Accepted Answer

Deadly to domestic poultry, Economic impacts & potentially cross species barriers, Spreads rapidly once in a flock, Mutates rapidly

Question 13

H7N9 AI virus is not yet reported in birds or humans in the US.

Accepted Answer

True

Question 14

What is the dead-end host for WNV?

Accepted Answer

Other mammals, Humans, Equids

Question 15

What are the prevention & control methods for S-OIVs in swine?

Accepted Answer

Vaccine approved for swine against H3N2, Farm biosecurity & good management practices, No national program in US, not reportable to OIE, Voluntary surveillance

Question 16

What are the dead-end hosts of EEE?

Accepted Answer

Humans, Horses

Question 17

What glycoproteins are important for infection & immunity of West Nile Virus (WNV)?

Accepted Answer

E&M

Question 18

What are the general provisions for prevention of AI viruses in humans?

Accepted Answer

Poultry workers should wear appropriate PPE & be vaccinated, Poultry workers should consider prophylactic antiviral therapy, Avoid live bird markets, Vaccine available for both H5N1 & H7N9

Question 19

Why is H5N1 difficult to eradicate in China?

Accepted Answer

70% of poultry is backyard flocks, Poor biosecurity & poor access to vet services, Poultry in close proximity to pigs & live bird markets, Legal & illegal wildlife trade

Question 20

There is no specific treatment for EEE in humans.

Accepted Answer

True

Question 21

What areas are under surveillance for AI viruses?

Accepted Answer

Live bird markets, Migratory wild birds, Commercial poultry (preslaughter), Backyard flocks

Question 22

What term is reserved for diseases caused by influenza viruses circulating in swine?

Accepted Answer

Swine flu

Question 23

In order to be prepared for HPAI outbreaks in the USA, the USDA, states & industry collaborate on?

Accepted Answer

Testing outside infected zones for confirm other farms are AI free, Surveillance, quarantine & movement controls, Eradication(humane euthanasia), carcass disposal, cleaning & disinfecting, Vaccines used depending on risk & approval

Question 24

How is WNV prevented in humans?

Accepted Answer

Personal protection against mosquito bites, Surveillance, Integrate mosquito management

Question 25

There is global surveillance & testing of poultry & wild birds for AI viruses.

Accepted Answer

True

Question 26

What does disease caused by WNV in birds look like?

Accepted Answer

Symptoms vary by species but most are asymptomatic, High viremia & low mortality in American robin, High viremia & high mortality in corvids, Other species become ill & die

Question 27

What are the clinical signs of EEE in horses?

Accepted Answer

Survivors have neurologic problems, Fever, lethargy, neurological signs, Death in 2-3 days from onset of signs

Question 28

What are the clinical signs of HPAI in birds?

Accepted Answer

Multisystemic involvement: pneumonia & widespread hemorrhages, Survivors have CNS signs (ie. torticollis), Death w/minimal clinical signs, Drop in egg production

Question 29

There have been no human cases of WEE reported in the USA since 1964.

Accepted Answer

True

Question 30

Which avian influenza subtypes have been adapted to infect humans?

Accepted Answer

H7N9, H5N1

Question 31

Which of the following characterizes high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)?

Accepted Answer

Mostly caused by H5 & H7 subtypes, Usually severe disease w/ high mortality, Causes variable signs depending on genetics, species & age of bird, Reportable to OIE along w/trade restrictions

Question 32

How is WNV transmitted between humans?

Accepted Answer

Lab acquired, Mosquito bite, Rare transmission from infected cloacal or oral avian fluids, Blood transfusions & organ transplants

Question 33

What are the dead-end hosts for WEE?

Accepted Answer

Horses, Humans

Question 34

What is considered a reportable foreign animal disease?

Accepted Answer

VEE

Question 35

What is the most severe mosquito transmitted disease in the USA?

Accepted Answer

EEE

Question 36

What prevention & control methods are used in China for the H7N9 AI virus?

Accepted Answer

Temporary closure of live bird markets, Surveillance of contacts of humans w/disease, Surveillance of birds & environment, Depopulate poultry

Question 37

WEE is maintained in an enzootic cycle between?

Accepted Answer

Passerine birds, C.tarsalis mosquitos

Question 38

What is the treatment for WNV in horses?

Accepted Answer

Supportive care

Question 39

What are the pros to vaccinating poultry against AI viruses?

Accepted Answer

Reduces clinical signs, DIVA vaccines (infected vs vaccinated), Minimize duration & extent of viral shedding

Question 40

What are minor changes (point mutations) in genes for H & N; results in changes w/in a subtype, new strains emerge?

Accepted Answer

Antigenic drift

Question 41

What is the dead-end host for VEE?

Accepted Answer

Humans

Question 42

Once AIV is introduced into a flock, how is it transmitted around the flock?

Accepted Answer

Aerosol inhalation, Fecal-oral, Fomites

Question 43

What are the cons to vaccinating poultry against AI viruses?

Accepted Answer

Healthy birds can still become infected, Efficacy negatively impacted by emergence of H5N1 variants, Shed viruses & serve as source of infection, H5N1 endemic to areas where vaccine was previously used

Question 44

What type of influenza is the most important pathogen of animals & humans?

Accepted Answer

Type A

Question 45

What avian influenza viruses are reportable to OIE?

Accepted Answer

LPAI H5 & H7 subtypes, All HPAI subtypes

Question 46

What is the main host of EEE?

Accepted Answer

Birds of freshwater swamps

Question 47

WNV is maintained in nature in an enzootic cycle between?

Accepted Answer

Birds & mosquitos

Question 48

How would you prevent WNV in horses?

Accepted Answer

Mosquito control, Vaccination

Question 49

What is the transmission of avian influenza among wild bird populations?

Accepted Answer

Fecal-oral

Question 50

What are the disease states associated w/an EEE infection in humans?

Accepted Answer

Few progess to encephalitis or mengitis, Most asymptomatic, Febrile w/no CNS signs

Question 51

What is the natural host for WNV?

Accepted Answer

Wild birds

Question 52

What species can be infected by avian, human & swine influenza viruses & can act as “bridge” for virus crossover?

Accepted Answer

Pigs

Question 53

What are the accidental dead-end hosts for WNV?

Accepted Answer

Horses, Humans

Question 54

What is the natural reservoir host for avian influenza viruses?

Accepted Answer

Wild birds

Question 55

What is the biological vector associated w/ WNV?

Accepted Answer

Culex mosquito

Question 56

What are the prevention measures for EEE in horses?

Accepted Answer

Vaccination, Mosquito control

Question 57

How is avian influenza introduced into domestic birds?

Accepted Answer

Live bird markets potential reservoirs of AIV, Backyard poultry & other captive birds, Poor biosecurity in commercial flocks, Contact between wild birds & domestic poultry

Question 58

How are S-OIVs transmitted among pigs?

Accepted Answer

Aerosol, Fomites

Question 59

What subtype of swine origin influenza A viruses (S-OIV) has been in circulation for a long time?

Accepted Answer

H1N1

Question 60

In the US, what diseases of horses have vaccines available?

Accepted Answer

WEE, WNV, VEE, EEE

Question 61

EEE is maintained in what biological vector?

Accepted Answer

Culiseta melanura

Question 62

What AI virus has the greatest potential to cause epidemic & severe impact on humans?

Accepted Answer

H7N9

Question 63

What are the disease states of WNV that can be seen in horses?

Accepted Answer

Some horses die spontaneously, Others can develop CNS signs, 1/3 clinical cases die or humanely euthanized, Most horses remain asymptomatic

Question 64

What factors contributed to WNV emergence?

Accepted Answer

Virus adaptation to new hosts & other mosquito species, Climate change, Natural bird migrations spread virus to other geographic regions

Public Health - Influenza, WNV, EEE, WEE & VEE

Questions 68

Public Health - Influenza, WNV, EEE, WEE & VEE

Questions 68