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A-Level Psychology AQA Paper 1
A-Level Psychology AQA Paper 1
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Psychology AQA A-Level, Memory, attachment, social influence and psychopathology
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Answers
1
In Ijendoon and Kroonberg's Study which country had highest rate of insecure avoidant children
Israel
Germany
Japan
Netherlands
2
What are the effects of institutionalisation?
Mental retardation (less so if adopted before 6 months)
Disinhibited attachment: equally friendly to strangers
Secure attachment as infants and healthy relationships later
Takes them a while to form an attachment
3
What kind of sensory info is there?
Ionic-visual input
Haptic-tactile input
Echoic-auditory input
4
When did the prison rebellion occur?
The first day
Within 2 days
The last day
A week
5
What is proactive interference?
When old info interferes with new info
When new info interferes with old info
6
What is support for legitimacy of authority?
Australia M study:only 16%topvoltage, shows diff in society
Blass+schidmt- students blamed experimenter
7
What are strengths of OCD treatment?
Requires motivation
Effective in reducing OCD symptoms
Treat symptoms but not cause
Cheap compared to therapy
8
What are strengths of the line study?
Used to explain juror behaviour (high conformity in juries)
Real life app:can't blame obedience as excuse in workplace
Good control of variables, easily repeated
9
What are strengths of the cognitive explanation for depression?
Preg women more likely to have post natal dep if ^ cog vuln
Practical app: used to develop CBT
Might not be appropriate alone
Antidepressants work
10
Which two of these are criticisms of the cognitive interview?
It requires special training
It's too time-consuming
It only works with certain types of people
It isn't extensive enough
11
The meta-analysis was from how many countries?
12
8
10
6
12
What did it mean if they were high on the F scale?
Stereotypical views
Identify with strong people
Islamophobic
13
Asch variations:group size - how did addition of confederates affect conformity?
Addition increased the conformity but only to a point
It increased the conformity
It decreased conformity to a point
14
Schaffer and Emerson found primary attachment usually w mother:how many formed 2ndary w father?
55%
100%
75%
39%
15
What is maternal deprivation? (Bowlby)
Idea that we have a unique bond with the primary caregiver
Bond removed between infant and mum from separation no subst
16
What did the ‘love quiz’ ask people about?
Their strange situation results
Past and present attachment experiences
their attitude to ‘love’
The origins of love
17
Who came up with the 2 process model for phobias? (classical and op cond)
Watson
Wolpe
Mowrer
Ellis
18
What are strengths of p+ps study?
Field-high ecological validity
Lab-reliable as variables controlled
Easily repeated
19
Why may zimbardo study lack population validity?
Can't be applied to prisons in individualist cultures
Can't be applied to prisons in collectivist cultures
Can't be applied to female prisons
Can't be applied to male prisoners
20
What were the results of baddeleys study?
Difficulty recalling semantically similar in LTM
Difficulty remembering acoustically similar in LTM
Difficulty remembering acoustically similar in STM
Difficulty remembering semantically similar in STM
21
The belief system is the interpretation of the event which may be rational/irrational
False
True
22
What are the added features of fishers enhanced cognitive interview?
Follow witnesses train of thought
Recall from changed perspective
Use open ended questions
Unconditional positive regard
23
Is the MSM a structural model?
No
Yes
24
What is a strength of failure to function adequately?
Easy to judge if someone is failing to function
Positive approach
Real life app
25
What is diachronic synchrony?
People in same minority saying the same thing
Consistency over time
26
What are the stages of the MSM (Atkinson and shiffrin)
SR,STM,LTM
Sensory info, STM, LTM
Sensory register, short term memory, long term memory
SR, LTM, STM
27
What are some weaknesses of authoritarian personality?
Hyman+sheatsley-obedience+AP linked to low education X eacho
F scale called politically biased+worded in way u agree with
Correlation ≠ causation
28
What are strengths of the MSM?
Makes sense that memories in LTM encoded semantically
Supporting research for distinct STM+LTM e. g KF:STM damaged
Pioneering model of memory, inspired further research
29
What did milgram want to find out?
Why stalin was followed during the USSR
Why the Germans followed hitler's orders
30
Neural explanations strengths?
Max et al-basal ganglia disconnected, reduces symptoms
Antidepressants work, though chemical maybe not the cause
31
Which one of these is not an attachment type?
Insecure Resistant
Secure
Discriminate
Insecure Avoidant
32
How were the rhesus monkeys when adults that were deprived of real mother?
Less Sociable
More aggressive
Neglected/killed offspring
Less skilled in mating
33
Location: when moved to a run down building how did this affect conformity?
Dropped to 36.7%
Dropped to 30.5%
Dropped to 47.5%
Dropped to 51.2%
34
Weaknesses of flooding?
Traumatic, people may withdraw, reinforce phobia
Can't treat complex phobias eg social phobia
35
Variations in Asch study: How did task difficulty affect conformity?
Harder task-less conformity
Harder task-more conformity
36
What does Ellis' ABC model say depression is the result of
Lack of serotonin
Irrational thinking
37
What is a practical application to MD?
Hospital visiting hrs:contact w parents maintained
Daycare assigning caregivers to children
38
Loftus and Palmers study is useful in police questioning true or false?
False
True
39
Study example for explanation of phobias?
KF
Little Albert
40
Who studied state dependent forgetting? Assigning students to either sober or drunk over 2 days
Godden and Baddeley
Goodwin et al
41
Which one of these isn't an example of a musturbatory thought (Ellis)
The world must give me happiness or I will die
I must be approved of or accepted by those around me
I must do well or very well, or I am worthless
I want to be successful otherwise I will feel let down
42
Why might gender bias be an issue in milgrams study?
Only used females
Only used males
43
What is the practical application of harlows research?
Help social workers understand risk factors in child abuse
Help with teacher-pupil relationships in schools
Understand attachment importance for baby monkeys in zoos
Justice system - adults without mother can't have kids
44
When is Bowlby's sensitive period?
2 years
Up to 7 weeks
7 months
Up to 5 years
45
What was the aim of the strange situation?
Assess how many attachments children form
Assess quality of child's attachment to caregiver
Assess cultural differences in attachment type
46
Monotropic theory-Attachment is an innate system with a survival advantage: true or false?
False
True
47
Which attachment was the most common across all countries?
Secure
Insecure resistant
Insecure avoidant
48
What research supports Lorenz’s findings?
Guiton-chicks+washing gloves: try and mate w them as adults
Baddeley
Harlow
Tulving
49
What are limitations or maternal deprivation?
Other factors:were war orphans-trauma may have affected them
Rutter:can recover from MD w right care, Bowlby-you cannot
Investigator effects:he designed-may have influenced results
Koluchova twins:locked in cellar but could recover with care
50
What are weaknesses of Moscovicis study?
All female - gender bias
Artifical task-doesnt say much about real life
Doesn't identify other important factors eg group size
Informed consent not given, deceit
51
According to learning theory what does the caregiver become
Conditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
Unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
52
Support: what did Allen and levine find in their asch type study?
Conformity decreased with presence of above 2 dissenters
Conformity decreased when there was one dissenter
Conformity increased regardless of presence of a dissenter
53
What are examples of social change?
Civil rights
Homosexuality
Men's rights
Womens rights
54
What is support for agentic shift/state?
Locus of control, rotter
Australia milgram study 16% to top voltage
Blass+schidmt- Ps watched vid of m study+blamed experimenter
55
What is the dominant form of coding in LTM?
Semantic
Acoustic
56
What is an issue with these animal studies?
They are outdated
Sample too small
Extrapolation
57
What is cognitive bias?
More likely to have a rational view about a situation
More likely to focus on negative aspects of situation
58
Proximity of victim:how did the teacher and learner in the same room affect obedience?
Dropped to 40%
Dropped to 30%
Dropped to 50%
59
What three things did Nemeth say is essential in minority influence?
Consistency, commitment, flexibility
Commitment, consistency, charisma
Flexibility, consistency, compliance
60
Who came up with the 2 process theory of why we conform?
Milgram
Asch
Kelman
Deutsch and Gerard
61
Which of these is informational social influence?
Conforming when unsure of what to do in a situation
Conforming to not seem foolish
62
What was the sample in Schaffer and Emersons longitudinal study?
60 working class babies from liverpool
40 toddlers from liverpool
40 babies from glasgow
60 working class babies from Glasgow
63
What is 'Miller's magic number'
Use chunking to combine letters/no.s into meaningful form
People can remember 7 items +/- 2
People can remember 5 items +/-2
64
Yuille+Cutshall interviewed people who saw a shooting, what did they find?
Least distressed=better recall
Nearest to incident=better recall
People far away from the incident had better recall
Most distressed=better recall later on
65
Features of systematic desensitisation?
Relaxation
Reciprocal inhibition
Immediate exposure to worst of fear
Fear hierachy
66
M's social psychological factors for why people obey:what are binding factors?
When you cant see the consequences
When you are acting according to someone's orders
Powerful and charismatic leaders are often destructive
Factors that reduce moral strain e.g shifting blame
67
What are weaknesses of the line study?
Lack of control over variables
Knew they were in a study (demand characteristics)
Perrin+spencer:low conformity on brits (culture bias, USA)
Lack ecological validity: not a natural situation
68
Who studied the capacity of STM
Jacobs
Miller
Bahrick
Tulving
69
M's social psychological factors for why people obey: what is agentic shift?
Shifting from agentic to autonomous state
Ordered by authority:shift from autonomous to agentic state
70
What are weaknesses of Loftus and Palmers study?
Real life would cause anxiety, may affect recall
All students+new drivers-may be easier to estimate for some
Low ecological validity - watched a video, knew it was study
71
Who described reciprocity (responding to eachother) as a dance?
Bowlby
Brazelton et al
Feldman
Rutter et al
72
Which one of these is not part of the working Memory
The VisuoSpatial sketchpad
Central Store
Phonological Loop
Episodic Buffer
73
Resistance to social influence: social support - what does a non conforming person do?
Challenge the majority but gets no support from others
Act as a model
74
Which Locus of Control did Twenge say is more common these days on top of being more resistant
External
Internal
75
What did milgram conclude?
People aren't likely to follow orders by authority
Ordinary ppl likely to follow orders by authority (+killing)
People follow orders but not to the extent of killing
76
How many stopped below 300V?
50%
60%
20%
0%
77
How many naive Ps were there in aschs line study?
2
5
10
1
78
What are some limitations of these?
Validity issues: interviews/questionnaires from adults
IWM=unconscious, indirect evidence, self report
Causation:temperament may influence attach+qual of relations
Clarke+clarke:influence on later relationships=probalistic
79
Which of these is not a part of becks negative triad?
Negative views about the future
Negative views about self
Negative views about therapy
Negative views about the world
80
How was attachment quality judged?
Proximity seeking
Response to reunion with caregiver after short separation
Separation anxiety
Stranger anxiety
81
What did the monkeys do when they were scared?
Sought comfort from wire mother
Didn't seek comfort from either
Sought comfort from cloth mother
82
M's social psychological factors for why people obey:what is the role of buffers?
Acting according to orders
We are socialised to be obedient
When u cant see the consequences e.g P couldn't see learner
Factors that reduce moral strain
83
What is the Yerkes Dodson Effect?
The idea that moderate levels of arousal are good for recall
The view that all behaviours are caused
The idea that small events have big consequences
The idea that over time memory decays
84
Who did a study on how anxiety has a positive effect on EWT?
Yuille and cutshall
Johnson and Scott
Loftus
Deffenbacher
85
Identification is changing for a group because they look desirable, is this public or private?
Public
Can be both
Private
86
What is the dominant form of coding in STM?
Semantic
Acoustic
87
What were Peterson and pertersons findings?
STM lasts about 20 secs at most if not reshearsed
Recall got worse as delay grew
After 18 secs less than 10% recalled
After 3 secs 80% recalled
88
How many of the orphans showed mental retardation when they came to the UK?
1/2
1/3
89
What is real life application of statistical infrequency
Useful in clinical assessment
Takes into account how Behaviour has effect on others
Positive approach
90
What are weaknesses of the cog explanation for depression?
Treat symptoms and not the cause
Difficult to determine if irrational thinking= cause/effect
Blames the client
Limited, reductionist, doesn't consider biology
91
What are weaknesses of learning theory?
Schaffer+Emerson:primary attachment not to person feeding
Bailey et al:poor attachment=poorly attached child
Harlow:attachment didn't develop as result of feeding
Hay+vespo:teach kids to love by modelling attach behaviour
92
When is specific attachment?
From 8 months
From 7 months
From 5 months
A year
93
What is evaluation of Johnson and Scott's weapon focus effect study?
High eco validity, didn't know was staged
Ethics - cause distress for Ps
94
OCD is one form of expression of the same gene that determines
Tourettes
Phobia
Depression
ADHD
95
Asch variations:unamity - what did conformity drop to when some people said right answer?
5%
7%
12%
20%
96
What are weaknesses of p+ps study?
Lots of trigrams shown - may have been confusing
Trigrams artificial-lack ecological validity
Meaningful memories may last longer in STM
97
What did moscovici conclude?
Minority influence strongest when consistent w their views
Minority influence is strongest when not consistent w views
98
What was Geiselman's study?
Cognitive group-less likely to say sack was green
Ps asked was guy with green rucksack nervous
Blue rucksack intruder steals projector
One group cognitive interview one not
99
What is a limitation of normative social influence?
Counter evidence
Lacks ecological validity
Cultural bias
Individual diffs:don't care abt being liked-not as affected
100
What condition was the best in all?
Sober first day drunk second
Drunk first day sober second
Sober on both days
Drunk on both days
101
M's social psychological factors for why people obey: what is legitimacy of authority?
We accept authority's power over us from childhood
People obey if they recognise authority as right/legit
102
What is a limitation of Guiton's research?
Gloves aren't an animal
learned to mate w own kind (not as long lasting as thought)
103
What is obedience?
Adjust our behaviour to match the majority
Comply with demands of an authority figure
104
Attachment tended to be towards the caregiver who showed...
Most time for them
Reciprocity
105
Why is dollard and miller's learning theory explanation called the 'cupboard love theory'
Emphasis on food, learn to love who feeds them
Emphasises the importance of contact comfort in attachment
106
What are weaknesses of deviation from ideal mental health
Not clear how many you have to have
Social norms change over time and place
Most people would be considered abnormal
Sometimes a lifestyle choice
107
Which one of these attachment types was not discovered by Ainsworth
insecure avoidant(A)
Insecure disorganised
insecure resistant(C)
Secure(B)
108
How many were released due to psychological disturbance?
2
3
8
5
109
What tasks did the students have to perform? (Goodwin)
Verbal rote learning task
Word association test
Avoidance task
Picture recognition
110
What did Nemeth say about compromise (flexibility)?
More important than being 'too committed'
More important than being 'too consistent'
Less important than being 'too consistent'
111
Is the baby active or passive?
Passive
Active
112
How does info from the STM get to the LTM?
Consolidation
Maintenance rehearsal
Attention
113
When unsure, what prods does the experimenter give?
Please continue
You have no other choice but to continue
The experiment requires you continue
It is essential that you continue
114
What is the conformity effect?
The view weapons carried by the criminal distracts attention
When co-witnesses reach a consensus view of what happened
To disrupt the effect schema has on recall
The influence leading questions has on eyewitness accounts
115
In Jacobs study how many letters could be recalled?
9
7
5
3
116
How many of these 14 suffered maternal deprivation during first 2 yrs of life?
10
12
117
What are social influence processes involved in social change
Internal Locus of control
Disobedience to authority
Minority influence
118
What were some of milgrams variations?
Proximity of victim
Proximity of the authority figure
Uniform
Location
119
Newborns have alert phases : what are these?
They signal they are ready for interaction
Periods where their sensitivity is higher
120
Who made the working memory model?
Goodwin
Baddeley and hitch
Godden and baddeley
Tulving
121
Did the attachment type reflect their romantic relationships?
No
Yes
122
Did milgram believe that situational or dispositional factors were responsible?
Situational
Dispositional
123
However, after debriefing, how many said they were happy to have participated in milgrams study
84.5%
89.9%
72.3%
83.7%
124
What is the conclusion of Jacobs study?
STM has an unlimited capacity
STM has capacity of 3 items
STM has limited storage capacity of 5-9 items
125
What did the zimbardo prison experiment test?
Obedience to authority
Conformity to social roles
126
prefrontal cortex is active during...
LTM
STM
127
Negative self schemas are when you interpret info about you in negative way
False
True
128
What does DEF in Ellis’ model stand for?
Disputing irrational thoughts, effects, feelings.
Disputing irrational feelings, effects of disputing.
Directional thoughts, effects of disputing, feelings.
Disputing irrational thoughts, elephants, feelings.
129
What ethical guidelines did milgram break?
Protection from harm
Right to withdraw
Deception
Informed consent
130
What are strengths of caregiver infant interactions?
Could lead to valuable methods improving attachment
Research is socially sensitive
Validity:controlled, filmed from many angles
131
Neural explanations of OCD?
High activity in orbifrontal cortex, creates compulsions
Basal ganglia-caudate nucleus fail to control worry signals
Dopamine, linked to reward, high in OCD
Serotonin, linked to mood, low=OCD, don't reach receptors
132
M's study has been replicated in many cultures, did they lead to same conclusions as original?
No
Yes
133
What is Diathesis-stress?
A neutral stimulus is paired with naturally fearful stimulus
Irrational thoughts
Vulnerable gene+environmental trigger
It takes into account the effect behaviour has on others
134
What is The Worry Circuit?
the thalamus is alerted sends a signal to the OFC.
the caudate nucleus is damaged it
fails to suppress minor worries,
All of the above
135
When is info in LTM forgotten?
Decay
Motivated forgetting
Retrieval failure
Interference
136
What is an internal working model?
The way someone treats their child
Template for relation ships from relationship w p caregiver
137
Crypto amnesia is when minority influence has become majority but people don't remember how
True
False
138
Who came up with interactional synchrony?
Feldman
Felman
Meltzof and moore
Malztof and Moore
139
It was a large sample size - what does this mean?
High external validity
High internal validity
140
What is shown in indiscriminate attachment?
Multiple attachments are formed
Specific attachment formed
Preference for people over objects + prefer familiar adults
No stranger or separation anxiety
141
What is a counter to the limitation that it caused great psychological harm?
The harm was necessary for the Ps to feel that it was real
Led to recognition of ethical guidelines, studies now judged
142
Internalisation is usually permanent, true or false?
False
True
143
Compliance is a superficial change, true or false?
True
False
144
What is a strength of deviation from social norms?
Takes into account how Behaviour has effect on others
Positive approach
145
Consequence: what do irrational beliefs lead to
Unhealthy consequential emotion
Healthy consequential emotion
146
What are weaknesses of failure to function adequately
Sometimes a lifestyle choice
Doesn't take individual circumstances into account
Based on Western cultural perspective
Not clear how extreme behaviour has to be
147
How many in the cowitness group recalled info they had not actually seen?
65%
55%
90%
71%
148
Demand characteristics:the guards later claimed to be acting, what's a counter argument to this
Guards rarely talked about anything other than prison topics
There was discussion of prisoner cases being taken to court
90% prisoners private convos abt prison, not outside life
The guards believed they were receiving a salary (real job)
149
Give a limitation of Statistical infrequency
It takes into account the effect behaviour has on others
Some abnormal behaviour isn't rare eg anxiety
Some abnormal behaviour is desirable,
Cut off point between normal and abnormal is subjective
150
condition where confeds were consistent it was green: what % of Ps said it green atleast once?
45%
26%
40%
32%
151
What are limitations of the Multi-store model?
It's oversimplified:evidence suggest multiple STM+LTM stores
Kulik+brown:flashbulb memory,emotional events-no rehearse
Can't measure accurately if LTM has unlimited capacity
It's not simple enough
152
What did Soomro do?
an emotional reaction to the buzzer.
found SSRIs were more effective than the placebo
than Systematic DSystimatic D
psychological problems were caused by irrational thoughts
153
What are weaknesses of deviation from social norms?
Most people would be considered abnormal
Social norms change over time and place
Sometimes a lifestyle choice
Not clear how many you have to lack to be abnormal
154
In Bahricks study what were the two age gaps between taking the study and graduation?
12 & 45 years
15 & 48 years
19 & 55 years
10 & 40 years
155
What is the law of continuity?
Effects of separation add up
More constant child's care=better quality attachment
156
How many of the thieves in the 44 thieves study were described as affectionless psychopaths?
23
41
14
30
157
What does the F scale measure?
Level of aggressive behaviour
Resistance to authoritarianism
Potential for facism
Authoritarian personality
158
What was Bahrick testing?
Free recall, photo recognition, name recognition
Duration of LTM
159
What purpose to changing the order and changing perspective serve in terms of memory?
Encourages many retrieval paths
To disrupt the effect schema has on recall
To get as many details as possible
To keep a consistent view of the event
160
What did McGeoch+Mcdonald find after giving ppl lists of either related/unrelated synonyms?
Interference not likely when material learned is the same
Interference most likely when material remembered the same
161
Hunger is a primary drive, what is drive reduction?
Attachment:secondary drive learned by association
Motivated to not eat to gain the caregivers attention
Attachment learned as the caregiver provides attention
Motivated to eat to reduce hunger drive
162
What does ABC stand for
Activity, Belief, consequence
Activation, beliefs, consolidation
Activating event, Belief system, consequential emotion
163
What are 6 features of ideal mental health (Jahoda)
Positive self attitudes, self actualisation
Accurate perception of reality
Resistance to stress
Autonomy, mastery of environment
164
What is the conclusion of Peterson and Petersons study?
STM has limited duration when rehearsal prevented
STM has a limited duration regardless of rehearsal
165
How many days was the zimbardo study stopped after rather than 14?
10
7
6
3
166
Which show influence of early attachment on later relationships?
Internal working model
Hazan and shaver love quiz
Schaffer and Emerson
Strange situation
167
When is info in STM forgotten?
Decay
Retrieval failure
If not encoded
If not rehearsed
168
Weaknesses of phobia explanation
Not all evidence supports
Reductionist, may be biological factors
169
What is it called when you are an agent of someone else's ideas/orders
Destructive authority
Agentic state
Autonomous state
Agentic shift
170
What is a limitation of the agentic shift?
It is oversimplified
It doesn't have population validity
Doesn't explain why some of milgrams Ps didn't obey
171
When does Bowlby's critical period for attachment occur?
2-8 months
About 2 years
6 weeks
A year
172
What do the findings support?
Attachment is not influential to later life
There's a sensitive period in attachment
173
When is the indiscriminate attachment?
A year
5-10 months
2 weeks
2-7 months
174
Postevent discussion-gabbert et al, what was the procedure?
Intruder Stole projector wearing a rucksack
Saw burglary from diff angles then discussed
175
How many episodes were there in the strange situation
12
9
8
6
176
What is an economic implication of the role of the father?
The mothers need to take more time off as father role diff
Comforts mothers who feel have to make hard choices
177
What are social releasers?
Innate cute behaviours that encourage adult attention
Behaviours learnt by children that attract adult attention
They activate adult attachment system
178
What kind of experiment was the strange situation?
Lab experiment
Controlled observation
Field experiment
Natural observation
179
A strength of this approach is it is positive and focuses on what's desirable
True
False
180
What did grossman et al find?
Quality of attachment w father more important in teen attach
Quality of attachment w father less important in teen attach
181
What ethical issue surrounds harlows research?
However may have been important to justify the procedures
Monkeys similar to humans - suffering human like (aware)
182
Genetic explanations strengths?
Allows for cheap treatment
Practical application
Nestadt et al-68% MZ 31%DZ experience OCD
Lewis-31% of his OCD patients had patents w OCD
183
What did Peterson and Peterson test?
Recall of consonant syllable after 3 digit no. + intervals
Duration of STM
184
Weaknesses of Bahricks study?
Can't be generalised to other types of info in LTM
Real life study : hard to control all variables
If in touch with classmates info could be rehearsed
185
What happened when the P got to 300V?
Teacher is made to be able to see the learner
Learner cries
Experiment stops
Learner doesn't respond to next q
186
Why might there be problems studying the asocial stage?
May appear asocial but are actually social (bad coordination
Ethical issues
187
Weaknesses of SD?
Ignores deeper underlying issues, only focus on learnt behav
In vitro may be less effective
Traumatic
Ineffective treating evolutionary phobias
188
What type of ions does GABA increase the flow of?
Lead ions
I got my ion you
Iron ions
Chloride ions.
189
What is shown in specific attachment?
Separation anxiety only
Stranger and separation anxiety
Stranger anxiety only
Specific attachment formed w primary fig (mother 65%)
190
How does info from the sensory register move to the STM?
Consolidation
Maintenance rehearsal
Attention is paid to it
191
What are some strengths?
No confounding Vs as most abandoned at birth=no trauma
Economic implications
No culture as bias as it studied orphans from diff cultures
Practical app:'key workers' in children's homes
192
Which one of these is not used to treat OCD?
SSRIs
norepinephrine inhibitors
Benzodiazepines
Tricyclics
193
What did it test? (longitudinal)
Extent to which good care makes up for bad early life
Self report on early attachmeny type
Followed control of 52 adopted brits
Physical cognitive and emotional development
194
What are strengths of Goodwins study?
Controlled
High ecological validity
Culture bias
Real life app:improve recall in EWT, recall mood
195
What are some weaknesses?
Issues with validity: questionnaires
Lack generalisability:Romanian orpahanges poor standards
Long term effects not clear:kids adopted later may 'catch up
Problem with research support
196
How many said she was guilty despite not seeing the crime?
50%
80%
60%
70%
197
Mackie says that the minority do not create ______ message processing
Consistent
Meaningful
Deeper
Singular
198
What are aspects of CBT
Initial assessment and set goals
Challenge thoughts
Thought catching
Homework
199
What is the name of the researcher who found that STM wasn't as extensive as we first thought?
Coowoon
Cowan
Cowon
Cowang
200
What is research support for informational social influence?
Milgram-all Ps proceeding to 300V
Zimbardo-prsioners and guards conforming to their roles
Asch-increased difficulty of task, conformity increased
201
Between 25+32 weeks how many showed separation anxiety towards a particular adult?
25%
50%
75%
100%
202
What are strengths of s+e's study?
Culture bias
Externally valid-observations by parents in normal activitie
Practical application
Longitudinal-internal validity
203
Who studied context dependent forgetting? Learn+recall words either on land or underwater
Godden and baddeley
Tulving
204
Proximity of authority figure: how did experimenter giving instructions by telephone affect obd
Many went against experimenter
It didn't have an effect
205
Which one of these is not a characteristic of Phobias?
compulsive behaviours, repetitive and unconcealed
avoidance, freezing or fainting, marked distress.
Persistent excessive unreasonable fear, feelings of anxiety
resistance to rational arguments
206
What are genetic causes of OCD
COMT:regulates dopamine, high dopamine = OCD
Candidate genes, involved in regulating serotonin system
Polygenic-many genes involves (Taylor)
SERT:affects transport of serotonin, mutation of this
207
How often did they visit the mothers and babies?
Every month for a year and 18 months
Every month for a year
208
What are some more strengths of milgrams study?
Created changed attitude of what causes war-less blame on Gs
Real life app:professions can't blame obedience as excuse
209
What was found from godden and baddeleys study?
Recall better when learned+recalled in different environment
Recall better when learned and recalled in same environment
210
Benzodiazepam enhances the action of GABA, quietening influence on brain: true or false?
True
False
211
Augmentation principle=if you take a risk when expressing a view this is taken more seriously
False
True
212
When asked if they saw broken glass did the verb used influence if they said they saw it?
Yes
No
213
Which one of these isn't a way of disputing irrational beliefs?
Pragmatic disputing
Monotropic Disputing
Empirical disputing
Logical disputing
214
Strength of flooding?
Cost effective-ougrin:much quicker
More ethical
215
What are weaknesses of baddeleys study?
Research shown other methods of coding e.g visual
Lacks ecological validity
Research shown there's different types of LTM eg episodic
Independent groups design
216
What are strengths of this explanation for phobias?
Evidence from little Albert
Practical app, flooding and SD
217
What are weaknesses of this study?
Wasn't globally representative
Misleading findings: 18/32 studies from America
applying Ainsworths behavioural categories is ethnocentric
218
How many conformed at least once even though the answer was obvious?
80%
50%
75%
55%
219
Interference:when one memory disturbs ability to recall another, true or false?
True
False
220
What are weaknesses of caregiver infant interactions?
It is of little value to society
Socially sensitive:mothers returning to work
Feldman:observing s+r doesn't tell us their purpose
It lacks validity due to procedures that lacked high control
221
Was variation in attachment higher between or within countries?
Between
Within
222
What type of LTM is this: memory of an event, personal experiences, recall time and place
Episodic
Procedural
Semantic
223
What is support for monotropic theory?
Bailey:Mums w poor attach to parent likely bad attach to kid
Schaffer and Emerson-multiple attachments
Monotropy is socially sensitive
Brazelton-parents ignore SRs, babies distresses motionless
224
What are some characteristics of the children adopted AFTER 6 months?
Clingyness
Attention seeking
Affection to strangers
225
What was Harlow's Aim?
To show the origin of love
To support Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation
prove contact comfort more important than feeding bond
To show that drive motivates behaviour
226
Uniform:experimenter replaced by member of public had biggest effect, what did obd drop to?
20%
17%
15%
25%
227
When fathers are primary attachment figures who found that they take up the role of main carer?
Bowlby
Field
Brazelton et al
Feldman
228
Who invented digit span?
Joeseph Jacobs
Jacob Joeseph
Joeseph James
JJ Abrums
229
Which one of these is Normative Social Influence?
individual conforms to gain approval of the majority.
Whether people would follow their tuition
Most participants believed their own answer was correct
The result of the desire to be correct gains info from other
230
What is adornos authoritarian personality?
Person with extreme respect for authority
Hostile to those of a lower rank
231
What % carried on to the highest lethal level of 450V?
75%
45%
65%
55%
232
Strengths of SD?
More ethical
McGrath-75% of patients successfully treated
Quicker than flooding
233
What are weaknesses of Goodwin et als study?
Demand characteristics-Ps aware was study
Investigator effects
Artifical tasks - lack eco validity
Lack temporal validity
234
What happens if child doesn't have prolonged contact with mum during critical period?
Mental retardation
Aggressive behaviour
235
What is monotropy?
Idea that child has many equal attachments
Emphasis on child's attachment to one caregiver
236
Ijzendoorn and kroonenberg think is the reason for these cultural similarities in attachment
Cultural integration
Mass media
Innate Mechanisms
237
Genetic explanations weaknesses?
Diathesis stress model
No twin study found 100% concordance
238
Loftus and palmer - which adjective used created highest speed estimate?
Hit
Smashed
contacted
Collided
239
what is the Encoding Specificity Principle? (Tulving)
past learning interferes with current attempts to learn
More similar encoding event+retrieval event=greater recall
Monitors and coordinates mental function in working memory,
The idea that moderate levels of arousal are useful
240
What is the role of operant conditioning?
Caregiver:neg reinforcement as crying stops
Crying=response from caregiver:crying reinforced
241
Weaknesses of OCD treatment?
Treat symptoms but not the cause
Goldacre-evidence for drugs is funded by drug comp. biased
Soomro et al-SSRIs more effective than placebos
Side effects, BZs addictive, SSRIs weight gain etc
242
What is WHODAS?
The DSM’s assessment of ability to function.
agitated and restless, disturbed sleep patterns.
Children model their parents phobic behaviour
Depression
243
What are some limitations of the monotropic theory?
Socially sensitive:pushes mothers to not return to work
Schaffer+Emerson: multiple attach. Contradicts 1 unique att
Ainsworth: primary caregiver is not significant
Culture bias
244
When is the asocial stage (schaffer)?
1st few weeks
By one year
7 months
2-7 months
245
When is multiple attachments?
Two years
By one year
246
What are strengths of Bahricks study?
Field exp:high eco validity
Assumed that LTM has unlimited capacity
Shows better recall than other studies-meaningful info
Easily replicable
247
What does aetiologically heterogenous mean
All the same genes result in OCD
Genes that might cause OCD in one=something else in another
248
M's social psychological factors for why people obey: what is gradual commitment
Agree to smaller thing, eventually leads to big commitment
Agreeing to a big commitment straight away
249
M's social psychological factors for why people obey: what is destructive authority?
Powerful leadersoften use legitimate authority destructively
When people destroy authority
250
What is a strength of CBT?
Better for the economy
March et al-CBT as effective as drugs, both is best
Quicker than drugs
251
Strengths of the strange situation?
No culture bias
Practical application
Predicts later development (predictive validity)
Good inter rater reliability (maybe bc controlled)
252
What is social change
When a minority persuade others to adopt their beliefs
when society adopts a new belief/behavior as the norm
253
What are Kelman's 3 types of conformity?
Internalisation, normative, informational
Informational, identification, compliance
Compliance, identification, internalisation
254
If imprinting didnt occur within critical period what happened?
Didn't attach to mother figure
Attached to the mother figure
255
What % of replies had a secure attachment?
19%
25%
56%
256
Neural explanations weaknesses?
CBT can be very effective
Don't know if dopamine is just an effect
Causation-whether serotonin causes OCD unknown
257
How did Holland support rotters locus of control?
He said that he liked it
Made his own study and found externals asked for help
Repeated Ms study, internals less likely to go all way
258
What was the participant in milgrams study? The others were confederates
Learner
Teacher
Experimenter
259
What are weaknesses of CBT?
How effective relies on quality of therapist
Requires motivation
Ignores circumstances living in, only focus on thoughts
Drugs cheaper and fast acting, may not be appropriate alone
260
What are weaknesses of the strange situation?
Lack external validity
Bowlby-didn't agree with the attachment types put forward
May be culture bound test
Main+Solomon-disorganised attachment (doesn't fit a b c)
261
What did adorno interview American students about?
If they are racist
Childhood experiences
Attitude to love
Political views
262
What was the overall conformity in the line study?
67%
30%
37%
52%
263
Were rates of insecure resistant similar to ainsworths in collectivist cultures?
Yes
No
264
What was found if they had strict parents?
More likely to be tolerant to others due to bad experiences
Grew up very obedient
They didn't obey their parents
Anger at parents suppressed comes out in form of racism
265
Who discovered a 4th attachment type and what is it?
Main and Solomon, insecure disorganised
Rutter and Bowlby, insecure disorganised
Rutter and Bowlby, disinhibited attachment
Main and Solomon, disinhibited attachment
266
In vitro is imagining
True
False
267
How many Romanian orphans did Rutter et Al study?
300
165
55
250
268
What are weaknesses of the role of the father?
Fails to give clear answer: could be bc of biology or roles
Stereotypes:unintentional observer bias
Psychologists can't simply answer what the role is
269
What is meant by the snowball effect?
Gradually minority view becomes the majority
The more widespread a view becomes the less credible it is
More ppl who convert the faster rate of conversion becomes
270
What is synchronic consistency?
Consistency between people in same minority
Consistency over time
271
Why may there be a problem in how multiple attachment is assessed?
Stages X distinguish between behaviour to attach figs+pals
Distress as someone leaves room ≠ true attachment figure
Bowlby-kids distress when playmate leaves room ≠ attachment
272
In moscovici et als blue green slide study were all of the slides blue?
No
Yes
273
What did wood et al find in a meta analysis?
Consistency is a majorly influential factor
Commitment is a majorly influential factor
Flexibility is a majorly influential factor
274
Authoritarian personality is a psychodynamic explanation, true or false?
False
True
275
What is the law of accumulated separation?
Effects of every separation add up (0=safest dose)
More constant a child's care, better quality attachment
276
Who did a study on how anxiety has a negative effect on EWT?
Deffenbacher (meta analysis)
Johnson and Scott (reported by Loftus)
Yuille and cutshall
277
In Jacobs study how many digits could be recalled?
3
5
9
7
278
What did baddeley test?
Ps recalled either immediately or after 20 min task
Dominant form of coding in STM and LTM
Acoustically+semantically similar and dissimilar words
279
Retrieval failure forgetting is when you can't access memory until correct retrieval cue used..
False
True
