Race and Christopher Small's theory of music

Europeans feared Africans lived without Western ideals of reason and progress. This attitude is called:

Musicians, dancers, and listeners learn to supply the beat from an internal sense learned at a young age.

Play is an important part of all social interactions, affirming individual identities and self-realization.

Musical sounds mirror relationships like individuality within collectivity reflecting the principle of Ubuntu.

Africans distinguish between the most and least gifted, between children and adults, in musicking.

Musicking is concerned with exploration, affirmation, & celebration of individual and communal relationships.

What is the central organizing principle of African musicking and the arts?

Music is considered a thing like a work of art. Participation in musicking is not highly valued like art.

Africans practice the art of social happiness; the most serious rituals can be extremely enjoyable.