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Nursing & Midwifery Research Quiz Flashcards | StudBud
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Nursing & Midwifery Research Quiz
Nursing & Midwifery Research Quiz
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1
The purpose of sampling is to?
Obtain a sample that is representative of the population
Make predictions about the study
Increase the efficiency of a research study
Recruit as many participants as possible
2
Concluding a difference exists when no such difference in reality exists is known as?
Type II error
The standard error
The standard deviation
Type I error
3
A qualitative researcher knows that it is not useful to collect any further data when?
When data overload is reached
When data saturation/redundancy of data is reached
When they sense that this is the case
When participants say they have nothing more to say
4
If the power of a study is low, what could the researcher manipulate to improve power?
Decrease the effect size
Alter the significance level from 0.05 to 0.01
Decrease the sample size
Increase the sample size
5
The literature review should inform the reader?
That the topic has been well researched
That gaps have been identified
That the researcher has looked at published articles
That literature relevant to topic has been examined
6
A systematic review is the most appropriate type of review to examine?
Cause-and-effect experimental studies
Level III studies
Descriptive and exploratory studies
Studies in a meta-synthesis
7
A questionnaire on a Likert Scale is one which contains?
Lists of statements
Response categories that are evaluated on agreement
Open-ended response categories
Closed-ended response categories
8
Data collected before & after introduction of intervention, the design is a case control study?
True
False
9
Which of the following conditions enhance generalisability of findings?
Small sample size
Representative sample
Few threats to validity
Random selection of participants
10
Which of the following would be a disadvantage of observational data collection methods?
Individual bias interfering with data collection
All of the above
Individual judgements & values may influence perceptions
Ethical concerns using observational data collection methods
11
Research findings no matter what the outcome should be published because?
All studies are worth publishing
Everyone enjoys reading about research findings
Nursing communities will know what research has been done
Everyone wants to know what research has been done
12
Ethical clearance from HREC is necessary before commencing a study because?
Participants can feel confident in being treated ethically
Participants will want to tell their friends about the study
The HREC wants to know when you intend to begin your study
The HREC wants to know what your research is about
13
The underlying assumption for "member checking" is?
It prevents researcher subjectivity
Participants can evaluate interpretations of experiences
This allows for researcher reflexivity
All of the above
14
Therapeutic research is?
Research that benefits society
Investigating treatment most effective to least effective
The effect of experiences shared in qualitative studies
Research benefiting future patients
15
In research what is a "structured interview"?
An interview with precise wording and order
All of the above
An interview asking random questions
An interview asking for explanations
16
A sampling frame is a list of?
The specific characteristics required for participants
All the participants already enrolled in the study
People who want to participate in the study
All the people in the population
17
How many years is it necessary to go back in the literature for an evidence-based project?
5 years is preferred
1 year is sufficient
All literature is to be included
10 years is expected
18
To produce an adequate transcript of a one-hour interview usually takes?
Two hours
Half a day
One week
Two days
19
Nurses & midwives need to be able to critically read research articles because?
All nurses & midwives should conduct research
The knowledge will enhance their practice
They will be able to practice EBP & improve patient care
All nurses & midwives enjoy reading
20
In which stage of the research process can qualitative data be analysed?
Only if all data has been collected
Either following data collection or simutaneously
All of the above
Once research team agrees on wording of research question
21
Thematic analysis is normally associated with?
An inductive, iterative process
Line-by-line coding
Researcher objectivity
Breaking the data up into abstracted bits
22
Data collection in quantitative research follows from?
Assessing objectivity of variables identified by researcher
Identifying variables for observation by the researcher
The researcher defining variables & choosing the best method
A review of the literature
23
The four main types of probability sampling are?
Simple random, systematic random, purposive & quota
Simple random, systematic random, cluster & stratified
Simple random, systematic random, convenience & quota
Simple random, systematic random, cluster & quota
24
Which are following ways to control extraneous variables?
Conducting a pilot study
Manipulating the explanatory variable
Using a sample homogeneous on background characteristics
Randomly selecting participants
25
Using pseudonyms in qualitative studies to quote participant's narrative ethically meets?
Beneficience
Respect for justice and equity
Respect for autonomy
Respect for privacy
26
An RCT is the most powerful type of design examining cause and effect relationships?
False
True
27
Administration of an intervention to one group of participants and not another is an RCT
False
True
28
Qualitative research, by its nature, is usually?
Interpretive, emic, naturalistic & holistic
Deductive, etic, naturalistic & holistic
Interpretive, etic, naturalistic & holistic
Deductive, emic, naturalistic & holistic
29
Ethnography has its origins in?
Anthropology
Quantitative research
Feminist research
Historical research
30
Understanding a research article and seeing the terms in relation to the context relate to?
Analysis understanding
Preliminary understanding
Comprehensive understanding
Synthesis understanding
31
The wording of a research question should be different from?
The purpose or aim of the study
The context of the study
A description of the design
The objectives of the study
32
If a study has not obtained ethics approval
It can still contribute to the database of nursing knowledge
The findings should not be disclosed
The study should be replicated immediately
It should not be published
33
Selecting only unemployed & promising to pay them money to participate in study does not meet?
Ethical requirement for justice & equity
Ethical requirement of respect for privacy
Ethical requirement of beneficience
Ethical requirement for autonomy
34
Nurses & midwives, whether consumers or producers of research or both
Need to recognise research as being important to their field
Need to know only senior nurses are involved in research
Want findings to be implemented in practice
Want every nurse to write research proposals
35
Sample size is determined?
After the study has started
While recruitment of participants is taking place
Once the consent forms have been signed
Prior to commencement of the study
36
The main value of using mixed-methods research in nursing is that it?
Helps researchers champion particular research paradigms
Offers higher probability that study is reviewed complete
Assists in reducing research error
Allows the researcher to understand a wider range of methods
37
The first part of the research process involves?
All of the above
Identifying ideas, questions, statements or hypotheses
Identifying the problem or issue
Searching & reviewing primary & conceptual literature
38
Critical & interpretive research paradigms generally use?
Quantitative methods to examine phenomena of interest
Qualitative methods to examine hypotheses
Quantitative methods to examine hypotheses
Qualitative methods to examine phenomena of interest
39
The population criteria establish the?
Target population
Way a sample is drawn
Number of participants in a study
Representativeness of a sample
40
Bias is introduced into a study when?
The population is homogeneous
Sampling techniques are used without a good sampling frame
Sample selection is carried out with a sampling frame
Eligible individuals do participate
41
Research misconduct refers mainly to?
Erros in data analysis or interpretation
Fabrication or falsification of research results
A study that has been poorly conducted
A study that is unscientific
42
Experimental designs are used
To test the hypothesis
To establish cause-and-effect relationships of variables
All of the above
To assess the impact of an intervention
43
The purpose of a literature review is?
To systematically & critically revew published papers
To critically analyse all articles your colleagues published
To find out who else is writing about your topic
To identify different ways to write research studies
44
The most common methods used for collecting qualitative data is?
Observation
Survey
Biological measurement
Interview
45
When planning your research study, a literature search is undertaken?
To identify gaps & limitations in published research
Because it is important to read many articles
To find a research topic
To see if other researchers like your topic
46
Bias is introduced when participants know they have got the intervention being tested?
False
True
47
Key feature of inductive analysis is?
Applying your values and assumptions to the data
Using reasoning to interpret and organise meaning from data
Hypothesis testing
The use of predetermined codes
48
Providing an audit trail when analysing data is important because?
It gives the reader info about methods used in analysis
It makes the study more interesting
It is useful to provide a trail for readers to follow
It shows that you can audit your research
49
The distribution of sample means will approximate to the?
Population mean
Sample mean
Normal distribution
Curve mean
50
As effect size increases, sample size?
Needs to be multiplied by 1.9%
Increases
Decreases
Stays the same
51
Writing about the implications of your study for healthcare is important because?
It indicates a lack of careful research planning
readers like to know about health problems in communities
A well-planned research study should have implications
People need to know what healthcare is about
52
Statistical analysis is?
Learning to count
Based on principles of gathering numerical data
Understanding experiences
All of the above
53
The last part of the research process involves?
Disseminating research findings
Determining research results & findings
All of the above
Analysing collected research data
54
Nurses & Midwives do not always conduct research because?
They find it difficult to translate findings into practice
They think research findings are irrelevant/not good enough
They have limited time to change their practice
They find it difficult to conduct research in clinical area
55
Quantitative research explores, examines, describes - True or False?
True
False
56
What is research method?
Unspecific methods of interviewing
Just a theory
An approach aimed at describing research
Specific procedures used to gather and analyse research data
57
Evidence-based practice is a quality improvement process because?
You hae learned how to skim when reading research articles
You have critically analysed many research articles
EBP is a key factor to accountability & benchmarking
Trial & error is still important in clinical practice
58
What is an unstructured interview?
An interview that gives opportunity to talk freely
None of the above
An interview using closed-ended questions
An interview using open ended questions
59
Data triangulation involves?
Prioritising data into discrete groups in a single study
Using a variety of data sources in a single study
Differentiating between data sources in a single study
Using specific data sources in a single study
60
The term "statistically significant" means?
Unlikely to occur due to chance fluctuations in sampling
Unlikely to occur due to fluctuations in data analysis
Likely to have occurred due to fluctuations in data analysis
Unlikely to occur due to fluctuations in data interpretation
61
A research hypothesis is also known as?
A non-directional hypothesis
A causal hypothesis
A scientific hypothesis
A directional hypothesis
62
Variance is a measure of variability that includes?
The lowest scores in the distribution
Every score in the distribution
Most of the scores in the distribution
The highest scores in the distribution
63
Random allocation or assignment:
Places participants in groups based on age/gender/education
Excludes some participants from the study
Assigns participants to treatment or control groups
Allows participants to choose the group they want to join
64
Research is guided by the following concepts and related questions?
Ontology, pedagogy & dermatology
Ontology, epistemology & oncology
Ontology, epistemology & methodology
Ontology, pedagogy & methodolgy
65
A research consumer is one who?
Wants to read critically & evaluate findings to implement
Wants to participate in the conduct of research
Wants to conduct research in clinical area
Wants to change practice in the clinical area
66
Any design using counts or measures something is?
Ethnographic
Phenomenological
Quantitative
Qualitative
67
Studies talking about death set up access to counselling services. They ethically meet?
Respect for privacy
Respect for justice
Beneficience
Respect for autonomy
68
The main advantage of qualitative, descriptive & exploratory approaches to research is?
They don't use complicated terminology
All of the above
They can be easier to manage
They can incorporate a variety of different perspectives
69
Stating recommendations for further research is important because?
Research will think your research design was poor
It indicates research knowledge enhances understanding
It shows you recognise limitations of your research study
Readers like to get ideas about topics from research studies
70
In qualitative studies the phenomena of interest are explored:
Only in a community context
Within an holistic & humanistic context
Only in the clinical area
With a single focus group of people
71
Qualitative & quantitative research is a common classification of research paradigms of?
Positivist, critical & productive
Positivist, critical & interpretive
Deductive, inductive & productive
Negativist, uncritical & interpretive
72
Grounded theory aims to?
Develop a rationale for lining qualitative to quantiative
Develop explanations for experimental events & future study
Develop a well-rounded theor for use in later research
Develop theories for socially constructed events/hypothesis
73
Notifyng a person of any proposed participation in research, meets what ethical requirement ?
Respect for autonomy
Beneficience
Respect for privacy
Respect for justice
74
Which of the following are most valid operational definitions of variables?
Health-related quality of life
Heart function
Verbalised satisfaction with care received
Pain rated on a scale of 1 to 10
75
What is dependability?
Untruth of findings
Fittingness
Auditability
Faithfullness
76
A convenience sample?
Allows generalisability of findings to the population
Is made up of people who enjoy being part of a study
Is made up of the most available & accessible persons
Gives everyone an opportunity to participate in a study
77
Informed consent involves?
Informing a particpant about a study prior to participating
Freely agreeing after receiving detailed info on the study
Particpants agreeing after being told which drug to take
Consenting after receiving detailed info on the study
78
Coding is the process of interrogating the data for?
Themes and topics
All of the above
Ideas and concepts
Terms, phrases and keywods
79
Randomised control trials are always the best way to do a study?
False
True
80
Clinical governance was first described as?
A system designed to ensure continuity of education programs
A system designed to ensure research findings are being used
A system designed to ensure continuous improvement
A system designed to ensure implementation of findings
81
When might questionnaires be used as an appropriate method of data collection?
When open-ended & closed-ended responses are required
When data collected is from un-accessible participants
When researcher is interested in obtaining info directly
When questions used demonstrate to be clear & unambiguous
82
With a case study, the phenomenon of interest can be?
Individual/s, a culture, an organisation, a process/event
Individual/s, group/community, conference, a process/event
Individual/s, a nation, an organisation, a process/event
Individual/s, a group/community, organisation, process/event
83
Hypothesis testing is used to answer such questions as?
What are the variables?
Are the predictions reliable?
Is there a reason for doing the research study?
Is there a sifference between the two groups?
84
Non-experimental correlation studies are used because RCTs are not possible in nursing projects
True
False
85
The highest level of evidence for a therapy question is?
A randomised controlled trial
A descriptive design
A qualitative approach
A correlational design
86
Criteria for inclusion/exclusion in a study are designed to?
Make it easier for researchers to select participants
Control for any bias or extraneous variability
Get the best participants into the study
Keep the wrong participants out of the study
87
A true experiment design includes 4 properties: randomisation, blinding, control & manipulation
False
True
88
The first step to become knowledgeable research consumer involves?
Understanding how it impacts nursing practice
Understanding the "language" of research
Understanding how to conduct research
Understanding research theories, methods & processes
89
CINAHL stands for?
Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature
Comparative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature
Comparative Indicators to Nursing & Allied Health Literature
Cumulative Indicators to Nursing & Allied Health Literature
90
What is credibility?
Reflect all of the above
Accountability
Truth of findings
Fittingness
91
Action research studies mainly focus on one or two broad areas such as?
Organisational development & community development
Organisational development & operation development
Procedural development & community development
Organisational development & procedural development
92
Qualitative research's main aim is to?
Include participants in the research
Determine what patients think about nurses
Understand naturally occuring social phenomena
Investigate issues that quantitative is unable to reveal
93
Grounded theory originates from and has been further developed by?
Strauss & Chopin
Glaser & Corbin
Glaser & Strauss
Strauss & Corbin
94
What is research design?
Sampling
The phsyical "doing" part of a study
Data collection & Data Analysis
All of the above
95
Methods to avoid an overly biased interpretation of the data may include?
All of the above
Asking peers external to study to review the analysis
Providing examples from original data to illustrate themes
Providing an audit trail allowing others to draw conclusions
96
Research design is dependent upon the following points?
What is likely to offer best fit & potential outcomes
All of the above
Purpose & questions being asked
Nature of the issue or problem being investigated
97
Loss to follow up is one of the potential disadvantages of longitudinal studies?
True
False
98
Which methods of qualitative analysis require immersion in data first in the analysis process?
Thematic Analysis
All of the above
Discourse Analysis
Grounded theory
99
Stratified random sampling divides the population into strata that are?
Purposefully chose for the study
Different for each conceptual category
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
100
Nurses & midwives should work with other health-related departments because?
Hospital administrators will know when research is conducted
It will help describe aspects of patient care in other areas
Everyone will be conducting the same research
It is critical to meet as many health professionals you can
101
Controlling extraneous variables & removing alternative explanations of findings eliminates?
Threats to validity
Independent variables
Randomisation of participants
A priori control
102
Research frameworks serve as a frame of reference that researchers can predict or explain?
Study methods
Study outcomes
Study inputs
Study designs
103
Focus group interviews are?
Are not very good for obtaining a range of perspectives
Small structured participant groups led by a facilitator
Are only useful for market research
Are peer faciliated and topics are chosen by the group
104
The main features of action research are?
Mixed-methods, participation, randomisation, change cycles
Participation, mixed-methods, empowerment, organisational
Change cycles, socio-community, mixed-methods, empowerment
Mixed-methods, change cycles, participation, empowerment
105
What is validity in quantitative research terms?
Concepts being investigated such as people and objects
All of the above
The accuracy and truth of data & findings that are produced
The inaccuracy of truth of data& findings that are produced
106
The purpose of qualitative data analysis is to?
Establish cause-and-effect relationships
Manipulate the data to answer research question
Order the data to enhance understanding
All of the above
107
Ethnography typically includes the study of?
Individuals-laboratory-observation-insider/outsider reality
Cultures-fieldwork-surveys-insider & outsider reality
Individuals-fieldwork-observation-insider & outsider reality
Cultures-fieldwork-observation-insider & outsider reality
108
Sometimes control can be implemented by manipulating one variable and not another?
False
True
109
The Australian College of Nursing & NZ Nurses Organisation
Want all nurses to conduct research
Want to promote reserach as part of nursing practice
Think all nurses should undertake higher degrees in nursing
Do not think that all research is important
110
The primary characteristic of probability sampling is?
The random selection of elements from the population
To ensure the findings will be credible
To select participants who meet the study criteria
Generalisation of findings of the study to the population
111
Numerical questionnaires to examine feelings/perceptions/social effects is a quantitative study
True
False
112
Main role of institutional or regional ethics committee in Australia & NZ is to?
Protect funding body of the research
Protect researchers from criticism
Protect institutions involved from adverse publicity
Protect research participants from harm
113
Which of the following is an example of "grey" literature?
An abstract of a primary study in a textbook
Abstracts from an online bibliographical database
Full-text papers in a published journal
Abstracts in printed proceedings from a conference
114
In research - what is considered a variable
Weight
All of the above
Pulse Rate
Age
115
The main advantage to descriptive-explorative approaches to research is?
They don't use complicated terminology
They can incorporate a variety of different perspectives
They do not limit to a philosophical world-view
Thay can be easier to manage
116
Evidence-based nurses ask whether there is a scientific basis for care they deliver in order to
Change their practice regularly
Make certain they can evaluate findings correctly
Convince their colleagues to change practice
Provide the most effective care for their clients
117
In quasi-experimental designs, randomisation and blinding may not be used?
True
False
118
What is research methodology?
Different approaches to systematic inquiry
All of the above
Grounded theory research
Experimental & Ethnomenthodology research
