Chapter 11 ECPI anatomy

Ridges of convolutions:

Cerebral cortex is responsible for higher mental functions: interpreting impulses, voluntary movements, memory, etc

Loose connective tissue that surrounds fascicles

Concentrating, planning, complex problem solving, emotional behavior, judging consequences of behavior

Shallow grooves in surface; example central sulcus

Meninges: membranes that protect brain and spinal cord; lie between bone and soft tissues of nervous

Spinal cord: Begins at foramen magnum & terminates at the 1st & 2nd lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L2) space

Nerves are bundles of axons

Cerebellum: integrates sensory info concerning position of body parts, coordinates skeletal muscle activity, posture

The cerebral cortex can be divided into sensory, association and motor areas; some overlap exists

Prepares body for "rest and digest" activities, most active under resting, non-stressful conditions

Parts of the brainstem: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Analyze & combine visual images with other sensory experiences

Nerve "fibers" are axons

2 halves, separated by falx cerebri

Connective tissue coverings: Endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium

Spinal cord: slender column of nervous tissue continuous with brain & brainstem, extend downward through vertebral canal

peripheral nervous system (PNS): Consists of nerves that connect CNS to other body parts

Layers of meninges: Inner layer; attached to surface of brain/spinal cord, contains blood vessels/nerves, nourishes CNS

Enlarged continuation of spinal cord, conducts ascending/descending impulses between brain & spinal cord,nonvital reflex

Occurs when person touches or steps on something painful (stove/tack), prevents or limits tissue damage

Spinal cord: Consists of 31 segments; each gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves

Major portions of the adult brain:

Short section of brainstem, between diencephalon & pons, bundles of fibers join lower parts of brainstem & spinal cord

Subdivisions of peripheral nervous system (PNS): Somatic nervous system, Autonomic nervous system

Translating sensory information into proper emotional responses

Temporal/parietal lobe, usually left hemisphere, understanding & formulating language

Lies under cerebral cortex, makes most of cerebrum, bundles of myelinated axons that connect neuron cell bodies

Fissures: deep grooves in surface - Types: Longitudinal and transverse

Parietal lobe, interprets sensations on skin

Loose connective tissue that surrounds individual axons

Interpret complex sensory experiences (understanding speech/reading), memories of visual scenes, music,complex patterns

Contains 2 neurons, sensory and motor, 1 synapse in spinal cord, ex: knee-jerk reflex, helps maintain upright posture

During withdrawal reflex, flexors on affected side contract, and extensors are inhibited, OPPOSITE on opposite side

Anterior to primary motor cortex, usually in left hemisphere, controls muscles needed for speech

Dense connective tissue that surrounds a group of fascicles

Connects cerebral hemispheres

Separates cerebrum from cerebellum

layers of meninges: outer layer, tough, dense connective tissue, dural sinuses, epidural space

Spinal cord: Spinal nerves are grouped according to the level of the vertebra with which they are associated

Layers of meninges: Middle layer; web-like, subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Cranial & Spinal nerves that connect CNS to viscera (subconscious activities), efferent (motor) part of PNS

Separates the cerebral hemispheres

Cranial & spinal nerves that connect, CNS to the skin & skeletal muscles (conscious activities)

Spinal cord: Within each group, the pairs of nerves are numbered in sequence from superior to inferior

Lobes of cerebrum: Frontal lobe, Parietal lobe, Temporal lobe, Occipital lobe, Insula: Deep within lateral sulcus

Thin layer of gray matter, which makes up outermost layer of all lobes of the cerebrum, almost 75% of neuron cell bodies

Peripheral Nervous System(PNS): Consists of nerves that connect CNS to other body parts

Understanding speech, choosing words to express thoughts and feelings

PNS includes: cranial nerves arising from the brain, spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord

Cranial nerves: 12 pairs on underside of brain, 31 pairs of Spinal nerves

Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain

Rounded bulge on underside of brainstem, between midbrain & medulla oblongata, relay nerve impulse between MO/cerebrum

Prepares body for "fight or flight", most active under energy-requiring, stressful, emergency situations

PNS includes: Cranial nerves arising from the brain, spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord

Each area of the cerebral cortex contains a group of neurons working together to perform a particular function