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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review Flashcards | StudBud
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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
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1
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
avoidance learning
positive reinforcement
an unconditioned response
escape learning
2
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
smelling an odor
seeing a flash of light
moving a part of his body
hearing a sound
3
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
availability heuristic
conjunction heuristic
law of small numbers
representativeness heuristic
4
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
cerebellum
reticular formation
brainstem
limbic system
5
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
cannabis
sedatives
narcotics
alcohol
6
What is cognitive dissonance?
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
7
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
abstract operations
physical interaction
systematic hypothesis testing
logical reasoning
8
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a sedative
a hallucinogen
a narcotic
an amphetamine
9
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
pitch
loudness
decibels
timbre
10
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
classical conditioning
observational learning
operant conditioning
state-dependent learning
11
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
reiteration
recognition
recall
relearning
12
An antagonist...
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
13
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the semantic level of encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
attention encoding
14
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the absolute refractory period
transduction incapacity
the relative threshold period
transduction capacity
15
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the unconscious
irrational thoughts
the conscious
maladaptive behaviors
16
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
repression
neurogenic amnesia
suppression
avoidance
17
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
formal operations
post-conventional moral reasoning
development of secondary sex characteristics
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
18
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
attachment probing
shared inhibition
secure-avoidant
strange situation
19
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender roles
gender stereotypes
gender differences
gender behaviors
20
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
pathogens
teratogens
prenatals
opiates
21
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pancreas
sebaceous gland
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
22
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
latency
genital
anal
oral
23
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the observational group
the experimental group
the control group
the correlational group
24
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he always gets in fights
he's just like his father
25
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the representativeness heuristic
are using the availability heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
use a holistic decision model
26
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
predictability
representativeness
accuracy of inference
consistency
27
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
step-wise conditioning
shaping
stimulus discrimination
selection
28
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
pressure
frustration
conflict
change
29
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
modeled
encoded
ablated
retrieved
30
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
parental investments
investment differentiations
social scripts
display rules
31
A valid test is one that...
measures what it is supposed to measure
is reliable
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
32
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
smell buds
olfactory cilia
gustatory bulbs
sciatic receptors
33
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
spontaneous remission
extinction
conditioned forgetting
unconditioning
34
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
phonemic
mnemonic
morphemic
platonic
35
A perceptual set implies that...
people often see what they expect to see
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
36
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
self-serving bias
prejudices
attributions
stereotypes
37
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Sperry's area
Cannon's area
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
38
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
sensory memories
episodic memories
non-declarative memories
flashbulb memories
39
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
cochlea
temporal lobe
oval window
stirrup
40
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
sleep apnea
pseudoinsomnia
insomnia
narcolepsy
41
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
evolutionary theory
drive theory
incentive theory
instinct theory
42
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
basis for performing pro-social behavior
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
halo effect in aggression
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
43
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an achievement test
an aptitude test
a personality test
an intelligence test
44
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
genetic influences on IQ
group differences in basic intelligence
changes in testing procedures
a variety of environmental factors
45
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
chunk
semantic network
schema
script
46
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
47
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
sensory
long-term
short-term
intermediate-term
48
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
postconventional
concrete
conventional
preconventional
49
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the principle of collectivism
the reciprocity norm
display rules
the law of cognitive dissonance
50
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
51
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
criterion-related validity
content validity
predictive validity
standardized validity
52
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
fear reaction
rabbit
loud noise
rat
53
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; personality
intelligence; standardized
standardized; intelligence
personality; standardized
54
Anhedonia is when a person...
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
experiences mild manic states
has trouble getting along with people
has two different psychological disorders
55
Framing refers to...
presenting irrelevant information
presenting only part of the information required
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
56
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold information for a lifetime
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
put information into long-term memory
57
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
light purity
color
saturation
brightness
58
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test levels
test norms
test scores
test scales
59
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
lesioning
ESB
stereotaxic inversion
tumor ligation
60
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete retrieval failure
partial retrieval
complete storage failure
partial storage
61
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
absolute threshold
subliminal threshold
just noticeable difference
sensory memory
62
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
pituitary
thyroid
gonads
thalamus
63
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
hypnosis
consciousness
sensation
perception
64
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
were put into a simulated prison
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
65
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
groupthink
cognitive dissonance
conformity
obedience
66
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
subliminal perception
a superimposed stimulus
a just noticeable difference
a false alarm
67
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
metalinguistic awareness
fast-mapping
overextension
semantic slanting
68
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
G. Stanley Hall
William James
Rene Decartes
Wilhelm Wundt
69
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
cookie
i wanted a cookie
give cookie
I eated a cookie
70
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cultural direction
cognitive structuring
stereotypes
schematizing
71
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
the internal state causes the facial expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
72
What is somnambulism?
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-walking
sleep-talking
difficulty breathing when asleep
73
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
anxiety
mood
schizophrenic
personality
74
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
behavior
conscious experience
the brain
the unconscious
75
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the gambler's fallacy
the confirmation bias
the conjunction fallacy
overestimating the improbable
76
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
unipolar
bipolar
cyclical
dissociative
77
The superego is Freud's term for...
the conscious aspect of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the moral component of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
78
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
unrealistic demands from family/friends
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
79
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
aversion therapy
psychotherapy
avoidance therapy
systematic desensitization
80
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
corpus callosum
parietal lobe
thalamus
pineal gland
81
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
median
mode
midpoint
mean
82
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
phonemes
linguistic heuristics
syntax
morphemes
83
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
crystallized
procedural
episodic
fluid
84
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
location of injury
cortex
spinal cord
thalamus
85
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
temperament
personality
behavioral quality
attachment
86
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
lateral processing
top-down processing
bottom-to-top processing
bottom-up processing
87
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
intelligence
cognition
introspection
mentalism
88
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
absolute
content
construct
criterion-related
89
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
anxiety disorders
bipolar disorder
marital problems
schizophrenia
90
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
intelligence
reasoning
creativity
insight
91
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
92
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
serotonin
dopamine
acetylcholine
endorphin
93
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
gamma
delta
alpha
beta
94
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
id mechanisms
offense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
defense mechanisms
95
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
mental age
IQ
a percentile score
a potential score
96
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
punishment
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
observational learning
97
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring dissent from group members
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
98
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
centration
conservation
reversibility
egocentrism
99
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
reticular formation
leftbrain/right brain communication
limbic system
endocrine system
100
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
retroactive interference
pseudoforgetting
101
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 4
REM
stage 2
stage 1
102
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
afferent nerves
autonomic nerves
sympathetic nerves
efferent nerves
103
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an external attribution
an internal attribution
a distinctive attribution
a situational attribution
104
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
means
percentiles
standard deviation
correlation coefficients
105
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
after autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
106
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
107
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the endocrine system
memory
feeding
the autonomic nervous system
108
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
hypothalamus
corpus callosum
medulla
cerebral cortex
109
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
bipolar disorder
fugue
conversion disorder
panic disorder
110
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become aggressive
remain in continuous wakefulness
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous sleep
111
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
agonists
neurotransmitters
action potentials
antagonists
112
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
None of the Above
problem-solving theory
wish fulfillment theory
activation-synthesis theory
113
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
spontaneous recovery
conditioned emotional reactions
114
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
attention
sensation
perception
processing
115
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
lens
cornea
iris
vitreous humor
116
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
attributionism
collectivism
individualism
functionalism
117
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
attitude is to action
feeling is to thinking
behavior is to motive
thought is to perception
118
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
compensation
displacement
regression
fixation
119
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
tree-bird
boat-goat
car-nose
fill-feed
120
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
constancy
symmetry
closure
similiarity
121
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
hypothalamus
medulla
occipital cortex
prefrontal cortex
122
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
logical-mathemathical
musical
spatial
mechanical
123
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
positron emission tomography
computerized tomography
electrographic tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
124
According to the medical model...
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
125
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a clinical psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a social psychologist
a forensic psychologist
126
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
exposure to light
amount of time awake
cultural practices
amount of time alseep
127
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
social charm
manipulative behavior
aggressiveness
excessive guilt
128
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a delusion
an obsession
a phobia
a compulsion
129
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a projective test
a deceptive test
a behavior rating
a self-report inventory
130
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological instability
physiological stability
psychological stability
psychological instability
131
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
cross-sectional
longitundinal
sequential
time of testing
132
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
poor police protection
job discrimination experienced by the residents
crowded living conditions
the personal qualities of the residents
133
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
illusions
obsessions
delusions
hallucinations
134
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
tone
salivation
light
food/meat powder
135
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
humanistic
behavioral
psychoanalytic
cognitive
136
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
positive reinforcement
superstitious behavior
classical conditioning
observational learning
137
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
social loafing
conformity
group polarization
deindividuation
138
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in openness
low in extraversion
high in agreeableness
high in neuroticism
139
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a self-serving attribution
a contravened stereotype
a heuristic observation
140
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
marijuana
cocaine
heroin
mescaline
141
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
insight learning
latent learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
142
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
sing a song
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
print letters
143
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
total loss of personal control
resistance to pain
reduction of inhibitions
hallucinations
144
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
fear
happiness
surprise
sadness
145
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
psychoanalysis
functionalism
behaviorism
neodynamism
146
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalocaudal trend
encephalitis
the proximodistal trend
the cephalopedal trend
147
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
industry vs. inferiority
initiative vs. guilt
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
trust vs. mistrust
148
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
a headache
been dreaming
not really been asleep
not been dreaming
149
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
direct observation
physiological recordings
questionnaires
psychological tests
150
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
observational learning
classical conditioning
reinforcement
operant conditioning
