96. What are the different types of transport across the membrane?

Passive, active, and bulk (membrane-assisted) transport

64. How are ice fishes different from other vertebrates?

They lack red blood cells and hemoglobin, and have antifreeze proteins

11. What is surface tension?

Result of cohesive forces at the water’s surface

50. What is a denatured protein?

Protein that loses its functional shape

127. What is the cytoskeleton, and its function?

A protein matrix providing cell structure, shape, motility (motor proteins)

What happens during heat absorption

Energy is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break

92. What is Step 1 of the endosymbiotic theory?

Infolding of the membrane forms the nucleus

55. What is hemoglobin?

Protein transporting oxygen in blood ells

Enzyme breaking down lactose into glucose

38. What are some biotech applications of chitin?

Used in plastics/foams, wound dressings, and medicine delivery

97. What is passive transport?

Movement without energy, down the concentration gradient

88. What are receptor proteins?

Match signal molecules to trigger responses inside the cell

80. What is the extracellular matrix composed of?

Proteins in the cell membrane w/ carbohydrate/protein branches (collagen)

75. What are eukaryotic cell walls for?

Stability, protection, and support

119. What are the functions of the rough ER?

Modifies proteins, membranes, movement of compounds to the cell membrane

120. What are the functions of the smooth ER?

Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates,detoxifies chemicals,store calcium ion

42. What are saturated fatty acids?

Max hydrogen, single bonds between carbons

103. What is a hypertonic solution?

Water leaves the cell, causing crenation

35. What are disaccharides?

Two monosaccharides linked; transportable energy form

95. What is evidence supporting the Endosymbiotic theory?

Chloroplasts and mitochondria have double membranes

25. What is a characteristic of aquatic habitats?

Floating ice creates habitats for aquatic organisms

125. What process occurs in mitochondria?

Cellular respiration, converting carbohydrates into cellular energy (ATP)

53. What is collagen?

Protein that holds animal cells together

45. What are steroids and waxes?

Fused carbon ring-hydrocarbon chain, cholesterol, sex hormone, exoskeleton

47. What are amino acids?

Building blocks of proteins, linked by peptide bonds

59. What are nucleic acids?

Sugar and phosphate molecules with nitrogenous bases

20. What are the four categories of organic macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

18. What is dehydration synthesis?

Process of building polymers by losing water

81. What are phospholipids?

Main component of the cell membrane structure

Polysaccharides in arthropod shell, gastropod radula, cephalopod beak/pen

74. What are eukaryotic cells?

Complex cells with a nucleus, e.g., protists, fungi, plants, animals

108. What is membrane-assisted (bulk) transport?

Transport of large materials through the cell membrane

51. What are chaperoning proteins?

Assist in proper protein folding and stabilization

99. What is aquaporin?

A channel protein facilitating water movement

131. How do motor proteins enable cell motility?

Move along cytoskeletal filaments,transports cellular cargo,enable movement

122. What is the function of lysosomes?

Digestive enzymes break down food, debris, and non-functional cell parts

7. A hydrogen bond occurs when:

The (-) part of one water molecule is attracted to the (+) part of another

10. What is adhesion?

Different molecules sticking together

121. How does the Golgi apparatus interact with the ER?

Modifies, sorts, and packages products from the ER, creates carbohydrates

126. How do chloroplasts contribute to energy processing?

Carry out photosynthesis, converting light energy into carbohydrates

111. What is pinocytosis?

Cell taking in small molecules via the membrane

118. How do ribosomes differ when free-floating vs. attached to the rough ER?

Free ribosomes, cytoplasmic proteins; Attached to membrane/export proteins

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Mar 106 Unit 1

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Questions 134

Answers

1
96. What are the different types of transport across the membrane?
Passive, active, and bulk (membrane-assisted) transport
Protein, lipid, and carbohydrate transport
Glycolysis, photosynthesis, and mitosis
Diffusion, osmosis, and respiration
2
64. How are ice fishes different from other vertebrates?
They produce more hemoglobin
They can survive without oxygen
They have extra red blood cells
They lack red blood cells and hemoglobin, and have antifreeze proteins
3
11. What is surface tension?
Energy released during bonding
Attraction between different liquids
Water's resistance to freezing
Result of cohesive forces at the water’s surface
4
50. What is a denatured protein?
Protein with extra peptide bonds
Protein that loses its functional shape
Protein that gains energy from heat
Protein that becomes stronger under stress
5
21. What is the atomic mass of an atom?
The number of protons
The total mass of an atom
The number of neutrons
The number of electrons
6
127. What is the cytoskeleton, and its function?
A membrane-bound compartment for energy production
A protein matrix providing cell structure, shape, motility (motor proteins)
An organelle for protein synthesis
A storage unit for water and waste
7
31. What is a monomer?
A molecule composed of only hydrogen
Carbon + functional group
Two monomers bonded together
A large molecule made of repeating units
8
What happens during heat absorption
Energy is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break
Bonds become more stable
Water evaporates without energy
Water freezes instantly
9
92. What is Step 1 of the endosymbiotic theory?
Formation of ribosomes
Cells start producing energy
Infolding of the membrane forms the nucleus
Photosynthesis begins in cells
10
55. What is hemoglobin?
Hormone controlling blood pressure
Protein transporting oxygen in blood ells
Carbohydrate storing energy
Enzyme that digests proteins
11
54. What is lactase?
Enzyme breaking down lactose into glucose
Structural protein in muscles
Hormone regulating metabolism
Protein transporting oxygen in blood
12
38. What are some biotech applications of chitin?
None of the above
Fuel for engines
Used in plastics/foams, wound dressings, and medicine delivery
Only used in food products
13
97. What is passive transport?
Movement without energy, down the concentration gradient
Active pumping of ions into the cell
Movement of molecules using energy
Movement of DNA between cells
14
88. What are receptor proteins?
Carry nutrients across membranes
Match signal molecules to trigger responses inside the cell
Proteins that digest food
Store genetic information
15
80. What is the extracellular matrix composed of?
Proteins in the cell membrane w/ carbohydrate/protein branches (collagen)
Lipids and glucose
Water and salts
DNA and RNA
16
70. What are the two categories of cells?
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Nucleic and non-nucleic
DNA-based and RNA-based
Animal and plant cells
17
75. What are eukaryotic cell walls for?
Stability, protection, and support
Genetic storage
Producing energy
Breaking down nutrients
18
119. What are the functions of the rough ER?
Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates
Stores calcium ions
Modifies proteins, membranes, movement of compounds to the cell membrane
Detoxifies chemicals
19
120. What are the functions of the smooth ER?
Contains digestive enzymes
Breaks down fatty acids
Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates,detoxifies chemicals,store calcium ion
Modifies proteins
20
42. What are saturated fatty acids?
Only found in plant oils
Max hydrogen, single bonds between carbons
Fatty acids with double bonds between carbons
Fatty acids with no hydrogen atoms
21
103. What is a hypertonic solution?
Water leaves the cell, causing crenation
No water movement across the membrane
Equal water concentration inside and outside the cell
Water enters the cell, causing it to swell
22
35. What are disaccharides?
Chains of simple sugars
Two monosaccharides linked; transportable energy form
Complex carbohydrates
Sugars that are not digestible
23
95. What is evidence supporting the Endosymbiotic theory?
Prokaryotes contain chloroplasts
Chloroplasts and mitochondria have no DNA
Chloroplasts and mitochondria have double membranes
Only plants have mitochondria
24
25. What is a characteristic of aquatic habitats?
Only saltwater environments have aquatic habitats
Floating ice creates habitats for aquatic organisms
Aquatic habitats are unaffected by water properties
Water temperature is always stable
25
125. What process occurs in mitochondria?
Photosynthesis
Cellular respiration, converting carbohydrates into cellular energy (ATP)
Protein synthesis
Lipid synthesis
26
53. What is collagen?
Protein that transports oxygen
Enzyme that breaks down starch
Protein that holds animal cells together
Hormone that regulates blood sugar
27
29. What do living things need to maintain in relation to pH?
Low pH levels
Extreme pH levels
High pH levels
Internal pH balance
28
45. What are steroids and waxes?
Sugars found in plant leaves
Fused carbon ring-hydrocarbon chain, cholesterol, sex hormone, exoskeleton
Proteins used for muscle growth
Simple sugars with hydrocarbon chains
29
78. Where is the extracellular matrix present?
In fungi only
In animals
In plants only
In bacteria
30
2. What does an atom consist of?
Protons, Electrons, Neutrons
Quarks, Bosons, Neutrons
Cells, Nuclei, Organelles
Molecules, Ions, Electrons
31
8. Which of the following is a special property of water?
Low surface tension
High freezing point
Lack of solvent abilities
Cohesion and adhesion
32
47. What are amino acids?
Carbohydrates that store energy
Lipids that form cell membranes
Sugars found in nucleic acids
Building blocks of proteins, linked by peptide bonds
33
59. What are nucleic acids?
Lipids storing genetic information
Sugars used in metabolism
Sugar and phosphate molecules with nitrogenous bases
Proteins for muscle movement
34
20. What are the four categories of organic macromolecules?
Water, Oxygen, Salts, Ions
Sugars, Starches, Fats, Vitamins
DNA, RNA, Enzymes, Hormones
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
35
18. What is dehydration synthesis?
Removing hydrogen bonds
Dissolving molecules
Breaking polymers by adding water
Process of building polymers by losing water
36
81. What are phospholipids?
Carbohydrate chains in the cytoplasm
Main component of the cell membrane structure
Proteins in the cell membrane
Enzymes for metabolism
37
37. What is chitin?
A protein in muscle tissues
A type of monosaccharide used for energy
Polysaccharides in arthropod shell, gastropod radula, cephalopod beak/pen
A simple sugar found in plants
38
74. What are eukaryotic cells?
Bacteria and archaea
Simple cells without a nucleus
Complex cells with a nucleus, e.g., protists, fungi, plants, animals
Cells with no organelles
39
108. What is membrane-assisted (bulk) transport?
Passive movement of water molecules
Movement of glucose via diffusion
Transport of small ions through channels
Transport of large materials through the cell membrane
40
51. What are chaperoning proteins?
Proteins that store genetic information
Assist in proper protein folding and stabilization
Enzymes that break down sugars
Transport proteins in blood
41
99. What is aquaporin?
a lipid responsible for energy storage
A channel protein facilitating water movement
A sugar that stores genetic information
An enzyme breaking down proteins
42
131. How do motor proteins enable cell motility?
By synthesizing ATP
By producing carbohydrates
By storing water
Move along cytoskeletal filaments,transports cellular cargo,enable movement
43
122. What is the function of lysosomes?
Synthesize lipids
Digestive enzymes break down food, debris, and non-functional cell parts
Produce energy
Store proteins
44
117. What role does the nucleolus play within the nucleus?
Site of ribosome creation
Synthesizes lipids
Directs protein synthesis
Stores RNA
45
7. A hydrogen bond occurs when:
The (-) part of one water molecule is attracted to the (+) part of another
Neutrons are transferred
Electrons are shared equally
Protons are exchanged
46
10. What is adhesion?
Attraction between like molecules
Different molecules sticking together
Water resisting temperature change
Water evaporating quickly
47
121. How does the Golgi apparatus interact with the ER?
Modifies, sorts, and packages products from the ER, creates carbohydrates
Detoxifies harmful substances
Breaks down proteins
Synthesizes lipids
48
126. How do chloroplasts contribute to energy processing?
Break down fatty acids
Synthesize proteins
Carry out cellular respiration
Carry out photosynthesis, converting light energy into carbohydrates
49
3.What does the atomic number represent?
Isotopes
Neutrons
Protons
Electrons
50
111. What is pinocytosis?
Cell taking in small molecules via the membrane
The process of breaking down proteins
Movement of water without energy
Transport of oxygen in blood
51
118. How do ribosomes differ when free-floating vs. attached to the rough ER?
There is no difference
Free ribosomes, cytoplasmic proteins; Attached to membrane/export proteins
Free ribosomes store proteins; attached ribosomes break down proteins
Free ribosomes create lipids; attached ribosomes create carbohydrates
52
105. What is an osmoconformer?
A type of active transport protein
A water channel in plant cells
Controls solute concentration actively
Internal solute concentration varies with the environment
53
52. What are heat shock proteins (HSPs)?
Proteins that store thermal energy
Enzymes that generate heat in cells
Proteins that cool down the cell
Chaperonins produced under heat-stress conditions
54
44. What are phospholipids (found in cell membranes)?
Molecules containing glycerol, two fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group
Sugars with one fatty acid chain
Proteins with no fatty acid chains
Simple fats with no phosphate
55
24. What are stable hydrogen bonds?
Bonds in ice that are stable
Bonds in liquid water that break easily
Bonds that form quickly in all states of water
Bonds in gases
56
79. What is the extracellular matrix used for?
Energy production
Protein synthesis
Photosynthesis
Stability, protection, support, communication
57
133. What is a solvent?
End result of the dissolving
Dissolved in water
Doing the disolving
58
100. What is osmosis?
Passive transport of water across a membrane
Active transport of glucose
Movement of air across the cell membrane
Energy production in mitochondria
59
130. What is the role of the centrosome and centrioles?
Detoxify chemicals
Modify proteins
Synthesize proteins
Organize microtubule formation
60
129. How do microtubules contribute to cell movement and organization?
Synthesize lipids
Store water and nutrients
Provide structural support, tracks organelle movement, assist cell division
Break down carbohydrates
61
49. What is a polypeptide?
A type of nucleic acid
Simple sugar molecule
Chain of amino acids forming a protein
A chain of fatty acids
62
107. What is the sodium-potassium pump?
Passive transport of sodium and potassium ions
Enzyme that breaks down potassium
Protein responsible for DNA replication
Active transport maintaining the electrochemical gradient
63
40. What are fats?
Triglycerides, oils for energy storage; contain glycerol, fatty acid chains
Proteins that store water
Polysaccharides used for quick energy
Monosaccharides for energy
64
15. What are hydrophilic molecules?
Molecules that attract and interact with water
Non-polar molecules
Molecules without any charge
Molecules that repel water
65
65. How do antifreeze proteins (AFPs) work?
By lowering the freezing point of water
By melting ice with enzymes
By producing heat
By binding to ice surfaces to prevent ice crystal growth
66
110. What is phagocytosis?
Cell releasing waste through the membrane
Transport of DNA between cells
Passive movement of small ions
Cell engulfing large particles or cells
67
1. What makes up 95% of the body weight of living things?
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur
Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium
Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton
Iron, Zinc, Copper, Manganese
68
77. What is plasmodesmata?
A type of ribosome
Structure for communication between cells with walls
Enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates
A protein that stores energy
69
94. What is Step 3 of the endosymbiotic theory?
Incorporation of photosynthetic bacteria = chloroplasts
Cells develop ribosomes
Formation of mitochondria
Creation of the Golgi apparatus
70
98. What is equilibrium?
When a cell bursts due to too much water
state where opposing forces are balanced
A state where water moves freely without balance
A condition where active transport stops
71
114. What are the four main groups of eukaryotic cell organelles based on their functions?
Cellular Respiration, Protein Synthesis, Energy Processing, Transport
Manufacturing, Breakdown/Storage, Energy Processing, Structure/Movement
Structure, Modification, Energy Production, Shape
Transport, Breakdown, Energy Processing, Regulation
72
30. What are buffers in the context of pH?
Molecules that make water less acidic
H+ donors/acceptors that help maintain pH balance
Substances that increase acidity
Substances that remove OH- ions
73
16. What are hydrophobic molecules?
Polar molecules
Water-attracting molecules
Molecules that repel water
Molecules that dissolve easily
74
123. How do vacuoles and vesicles differ in function?
Vacuoles transport proteins; vesicles store water
Vacuoles store water, waste, and chemicals; vesicles transport materials.
Vacuoles are only found in plant cells; vesicles are in animal cells
Vacuoles detoxify chemicals; vesicles synthesize lipids
75
84. What are glycoproteins?
Lipid chains inside the membrane
Sugars attached to lipids
DNA segments for cell identity
Carbohydrate chains attached to membrane proteins (give cell identity)
76
73. What are the internal characteristics of prokaryotic cells?
Cell wall with cellulose
Nucleus and mitochondria
Genetic material, unbound, ribosomes
Lysosomes and vacuoles
77
56. What is insulin?
Structural protein in muscles
Hormone regulating blood sugar levels
Protein transporting oxygen
Enzyme that breaks down lactose
78
82. What are integral proteins?
Lipids attached to proteins
Proteins attached to DNA
Proteins embedded within the cell membrane
Proteins floating in the cytoplasm
79
113. What is the endomembrane system?
A system of enzymes controlling energy
Only the nucleus and ribosomes
Connection of the nucleus, ER, Golgi, vesicles, and cell membrane
Just the outer cell membrane
80
115. Which organelles are part of the endomembrane system?
Nucleus, Mitochondria, Ribosomes
Nucleus, RER, SER, Golgi apparatus, transport vesicles, outer cell membrane
Chloroplasts, Lysosomes, Smooth ER
Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, Peroxisomes
81
62. What replaces Thymine in RNA?
Cytosine
Uracil
Adenine
Guanine
82
34. What are monosaccharides?
Simple sugars; primary energy source for cells
Lipids with fatty acids
Chains of sugars
Complex sugars
83
124. What are the functions of peroxisomes?
Synthesize Protiens
Provide structural support
Break down fatty acid, detoxify harmful substance, transfer H to O
Store energy
84
132. What is a solute?
End result of the dissolving
Doing the disolving
Dissolved in water
85
26. What is water a solvent for?
Large proteins only
Non-polar molecules
Gases only
Small molecules with polarity (e.g., ionic salts)
86
72. What are the external characteristics of prokaryotic cells?
Nucleus and mitochondria
Coccus (circle), Bacillus (oval), Spirillum (spiral) shapes
Ribosomes and genetic material
Cell walls made of chitin
87
22. What is temperature moderation in water?
Water has no effect on temperature
Water absorbs heat, changing temperature slowly
Water releases heat quickly
Water absorbs heat and cools rapidly
88
46. What are proteins?
Simple sugars
Genetic materials
Macromolecules performing various biological functions
Fatty acids
89
57. What are antibodies?
Sugars that provide energy
Proteins defending against pathogens in immune response
Hormones that regulate metabolism
Enzymes that digest proteins
90
89. What are enzymatic proteins?
Proteins that form the cell wall
Catalyze chemical reactions within the cell
Carry oxygen through the blood
Provide structural support
91
23. What happens during heat release in water?
Water forms covalent bonds
Energy is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break
hydrogen bonds breakc) Water
Energy is released when hydrogen bonds form
92
27. What are acids?
Substances that have a pH of 7
Substances that do not dissolve in water
Substances releasing OH- ions in water
Substances releasing H+ ions in water
93
63. What are notothenioids?
Bacteria with antifreeze proteins
Enzymes that digest ice
A type of nucleic acid
Ice fishes
94
101. What is an isotonic solution?
Water only leaves the cell
Water enters the cell rapidly
No net water movement across the membrane
The cell gains mass due to water
95
41. What are hydrocarbon chains?
Sugars found in plants
Simple sugars for fast energy
Proteins in the cell membrane
Fatty acid chains used for long-term energy storage
96
33. What are carbohydrates?
Proteins made of amino acids
Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
Organic compounds with carbon and nitrogen
Lipids made of fatty acids
97
28. What are bases?
Substances with a pH of 7
Substances releasing OH- ions or accepting H+ ions
Substances that form stable hydrogen bonds
Substances releasing H+ or accepting OH- ions
98
104. What is an osmoregulator?
Organism that lets its internal solute concentration vary freely
Maintains internal solute concentrations despite environmental changes
Only found in freshwater fish
A passive protein involved in osmosis
99
9. What is cohesion?
Breaking down molecules with water
Molecules repelling each other
Same molecules sticking together due to hydrogen bonds
Different molecules sticking together
100
5. What is it called when atoms bond and become molecules?
Ionic Bonding
Covalent Bonding
Metallic Bonding
Hydrogen Bonding
101
68. How big is a bacterial cell?
1-10 µm
100-1000 µm
0.01-0.1 µm
10-100 µm
102
109. What is exocytosis?
Passive diffusion of water
Active pumping of ions into the nucleus
Transport of molecules from inside to outside the cell
Transport of molecules into the cell
103
12. What is capillary action?
Water's reaction to gravity
Ability of water to move through narrow spaces
Ability of water to boil quickly
Movement of water through wide spaces
104
58. What are actin and myosin?
Hormones regulating blood sugar
Lipids for energy storage
Enzymes breaking down carbohydrates
Proteins forming muscle fibers for motion
105
36. What are polysaccharides?
Simple sugars for quick energy
Three or more monosaccharides; used for energy storage and structure
Two monosaccharides bonded together
Sugars with only one carbon atom
106
39. What are lipids?
Proteins used for structure
Simple sugars
Hydrocarbon chains that are non-polar molecules
Polar molecules that dissolve easily in water
107
32. What is a polymer?
A type of fatty acid
One large molecule
Many monomers bonded together
A simple sugar
108
112. What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?
Cell engulfing large food particles
Specific molecules are taken in after binding to receptors
Simple diffusion of ions
Random intake of any molecule
109
60. What is the primary function of nucleic acids?
Providing structural support in cells
Breaking down nutrients
Storing and transmitting genetic information (DNA and RNA)
Transporting oxygen
110
19. What is hydrolysis?
Splitting polymers by adding water
Dehydrating molecules
Evaporation of water
Forming new polymers
111
85. What are glycolipids?
Transport oxygen
Break down food
Carbohydrate chains attached to membrane lipids. (give cell an identity)
Store energy
112
90. What is a junction protein?
A protein that stores calcium
Transports water across membranes
Breaks down food molecules
Holds two different cells together
113
4. What are biological applications of isotope technology?
Aging fossils, trophic interactions, medical diagnosis
Enhancing photosynthesis
Boosting metabolism
Studying magnetic fields
114
69. Which adaptation increases the surface area-to-volume (SA:V) ratio in living things?
Thick skin layers
Reducing cell size
Appendages, hairs, folds, and projections
Smooth surfaces
115
67. What are cells?
Proteins that control metabolism
Parts of the circulatory system
The smallest form of genetic material
Basic units of structure and function in organisms
116
128. What are the three main components of the cytoskeleton?
Chloroplasts, mitochondria, actin filaments
Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi apparatus
Ribosomes, mitochondria, peroxisomes
Microtubules, microfilaments (actin filaments), intermediate filaments
117
86. What are channel proteins?
Carry oxygen in blood
Attach to carbohydrates for identity
Form an open tunnel for molecule passage
Store energy in cells
118
106. What is active transport?
Osmosis of water through aquaporins
Movement against the concentration gradient requiring energy
Simple diffusion across the cell membrane
Passive movement of molecules down a gradient
119
91. What is the endosymbiotic theory?
Explains the origin of eukaryotic cells via symbiosis
Defines cell membrane structures
Explains protein folding in cells
Describes how cells produce energy
120
14. What is the density of ice compared to liquid water?
Ice is denser
Ice is less dense and floats
Ice has the same density
Density doesn’t change
121
71. What are prokaryotic cells?
Animal cells with mitochondria
Plant cells with chloroplasts
Simple cells without a nucleus, e.g., bacteria (Domain Bacteria/Archaea)
Complex cells with a nucleus
122
134. What is a solution?
Doing the disolving
Dissolved in water
End result of the dissolving
123
61. What are nitrogenous bases in DNA?
Glucose, Fructose, Sucrose, and Maltose
Collagen, Actin, Insulin, and Hemoglobin
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine
Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Nucleic Acids
124
87. What are carrier proteins?
Proteins that store nutrients
Break down sugars
Attach to DNA for gene expression
Help molecule transport through shape change
125
76. What are eukaryotic cell walls made of?
Chitin, cellulose, polysaccharides, and proteins
Simple sugars
RNA and DNA
Lipids and proteins
126
6. What is covalent bonding?
Transfer of electrons
Sharing protons
Attraction between ions
Sharing electrons between elements
127
66. What is the cell theory?
All organisms are made of DNA
Cells only exist in animals
Cells can form spontaneously from air
All organisms consist of cells; cells arise from pre-existing cells
128
48. What is a peptide bond?
Hydrogen bond in water molecules
Temporary bond in carbohydrates
Ionic bond between DNA strands
Covalent bond between amino acids in proteins
129
17. What does the pH scale measure?
Solubility of compounds
Molecular mass
Water temperature
Acidity/basicity from 0 to 14
130
43. What are unsaturated fatty acids?
Solid at room temperature
Fatty acids with maximum hydrogen
Fewer hydrogens, double bonds between carbons
Fatty acids without any carbon atoms
131
116. What is the primary function of the nucleus?
Provide structure to the cell
Enclose DNA/RNA, direct protein synthesis, and control cellular activities
Store energy
Carry out cellular respiration
132
83. What are peripheral proteins?
Proteins floating inside the nucleus
Proteins embedded deep in the membrane
Proteins attached to the membrane surface
Proteins in the mitochondria
133
102. What is a hypotonic solution?
Water leaves the cell, causing shrinkage
No water movement occurs
Water enters the cell, possibly causing lysis
The cell maintains its normal shape
134
93. What is Step 2 of the endosymbiotic theory?
Incorporation of bacteria capable of cellular respiration = mitochondria
Formation of the cell wall
Cells begin to divide
DNA replication begins

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